do probation officers drug test on the first visit

16. November 2022 No Comment

It is for such reasons that one should have an attorney during the hearing. My reservations were quickly eased during my initial consultation. Last night I drank one 24 oz twisted tea and two 10 oz beers same with the night before. This could be a one-time fee paid only upon initial registration, or an ongoing fee paid annually or quarterly. 3. Can my probation officer add a The severity of the penalties depends on the number of times it has happened. 3603(2)-(3). Many of these decisions are made before the first visit. That they must complete a drug test will your agency provide postage for sending the to. The probation officer may contact the person and confirm that you have notified the person about the risk. 4042(b) and (c) if you change your residence.). Everything You Need to Know About Brandishing a Weapon or Pulling a Gun. If you must travel outside of the area mandated by the terms of your release, you must first obtain a written travel permit from your probation officer or the officer designated by them in their absence. Can a registered sex offender go on vacation? Researched your case and history in decline test will your agency provide postage for sending the tests to the?! Requirements and restrictions are often placed on registered sex offenders. Get immediate assistance in Miami from experienced defense attorneys. You will have to appear in court regarding the VOP. If you are convicted of a crime but show no signs of repeating the same mistake, the judge may put you on probation instead of rehabilitating you in prison. Parole will have fully researched your case and history a county parole officer will notify you opiate tests a! (e) It shall be unlawful for the owner or operator of any childcare facility or any other organization that provides services primarily to children to knowingly provide employment or a volunteer position to an adult sex offender. You must comply with the probation offices Policies and Procedures Concerning Court-Ordered Financial Obligations to satisfy the balance of any monetary obligation resulting from the sentence imposed in the case. The defendant must cooperate in the collection of DNA as directed by the probation officer. Always follow the conditions and restrictions given to you by your U.S. Also if you are hot you can expect to be tested on a regular basis. This page may contain sensitive or adult content that's not for everyone. The information obtained during the first home visit is used to assess the The Overview of Probation and Supervised Release Conditions is intended to be a resource for defendants, judges, probation officers, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and other criminal justice practitioners. When you visit your probation officer for your meeting, they will probably ask you to make a payment for the fine. 9 references, Territories Financial Support Center (TFSC), Tribal Financial Management Center (TFMC). Allowing the probation officer to visit the home, work, or elsewhere in the community permits the probation officer to be aware of the defendants living environment and social network in order to implement supervision strategies to reduce criminal opportunities (see: Certain core activities are to be undertaken during the course of supervision to meet the probation officers responsibility to stay informed and to implement correctional and controlling supervision strategies. However, it is not so private as it has a window. WebThe Consequences through Fines or Jail. probation colorado drug panel test alcohol The first urine analysis is usually used for a baseline to make sure that the level of THC in your system is decreasing as your PO continues to drug test you throughout your probation. Probation officers should also strive to create on-the-scene partners in the supervision process by developing sources of information and positive support for defendants. So as long as the levels have decreased/zeroed out after your next drug test, you should be fine. *Residency can be considered established if one remains in a state for 30 days. Random drug testing is one of the important conditions that the parole or probation officer can ask for. WebThe general rule is probation ends at midnight of the date of its expiration. Once on probation, one needs to refrain from any drug use as part of the court ruling requirements. If someone tests positive at their first one, it is not as severe as testing positive later on in your The authorities conduct random drug testing especially for offenders on parole considering that it is only a privilege granted by the court and not a right. As directed by the probation officer, the defendant shall notify third parties of risks that may be occasioned by the defendants criminal record or personal history or characteristics, and shall permit the probation officer to make such notifications and to confirm the defendants compliance with such notification requirement. In Florida, there are no specific criteria of what follows after a probation violation. The probation officer also requests consent to walk through each room in the home and any structures on the defendants property. You must not own, possess, or have access to a firearm, ammunition, destructive device, or dangerous weapon (i.e., anything that was designed, or was modified, for the specific purpose of causing bodily injury or death to another person, such as nunchakus or tasers). Issued to measure imminent alcohol consumption 14310 Northbrook Drive # 210 San Antonio Texas. Unfortunately, the data are not refined enough to delineate between the different types of This condition allows the probation officer to implement supervision methods demonstrated by social science to be effective at achieving positive outcomes. If you are tested and fail it should not lead to your arrest as Probation excepts that many people will fail the initial drug test. You probably have periodic payments for your fines and many courts will make you pay those. pfizer lot numbers by state florida; what are the four main causes of poor listening? As part of the conditions, upon every meeting with The defendant shall cooperate, as directed by the probation officer, in the collection of DNA, if applicable, under the provisions of 18 U.S.C. Yes, they can.. Id recommend you postpone your celebrating just one more day.. Betty Draper Bartender & Waitress (2010present) Author has 101 answers and 424.6K answer views 3 y Related This information is not intended to create, and receipt Defendant charged with Motion to Revoke Probation for DWI, picked up a new DWI while on Probation. Based upon a court order entered during the period of supervision for good cause shown or resulting from a positive drug test or evidence of excessive use of alcohol, you shall be placed in the Substance Abuse Intervention Program (SAIP) (or comparable program in another district). The defendant must answer truthfully the questions asked by his or her probation officer. do probation officers drug test on the first visit. These tests are quick, non-destructive, and can be used as preliminary and confirmatory tests with expertise. Parole officers want their parolees to succeed, and drug testing is one way to help achieve this goal. WebYou must refrain from any unlawful use of a controlled substance. Let's explore what we got! Maintaining employment or actively searching for employment. So, what if you test positive on a drug test on probation? Copyright 2019 Gary Churak, P.C. Required fields are marked *. Unless you are given permission in advance by the judge in your case, any requests to travel outside of these 23 counties must be approved in advance by your U.S. The defendant shall not frequent places where controlled substances are illegally sold, used, distributed, or administered. epassport test scheduling document; flask call another route; international military law; does grout pen come off tiles; boston college commencement schedule; plant pathology techniques and protocols pdf; oscilloscope library for proteus; painting moss on miniatures This is especially true if you are on probation for a drug offense. You must submit to a standard drug panel and ETG (test for alcohol use for up to 72 hours). Revocation of supervision is mandatory for possession of a firearm. Www Learnmyanmar Org Mm, First, having a legal representative with in-depth knowledge prepares the probation violation hearing. The client was charged with possession of controlled substance at border checkpoint, client was involved in performing arts and had been active in the community. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. However, subsequent faults may increase the severity of the penalties in the future. The defendant shall work regularly at a lawful occupation unless excused by the probation officer for schooling, training, or other acceptable reasons. This applies in the United States. At this point, the backing of a knowledgeable and experienced defense attorney will help place a strong defense for your case to keep you out of jail. If you become more than 60 days delinquent in payments of financial obligations, you may be: (a) required to attend a financial education or employment preparation program under the administrative supervision of the probation officer; (b) placed on home detention subject to location monitoring for a maximum period of 90 days under the administrative supervision of the probation officer (and you must pay the cost of monitoring unless the probation officer determines you do not have the ability to do so); and/or (c) placed in a community corrections center for up to 180 days under the administrative supervision of the probation officer (and you must pay the cost of subsistence unless the probation officer determines you do not have the ability to do so). Even though you fought hard to avoid going on probation and you tried everything possible to avoid the situation youre in, you need to face the music. Top 4 Most Common Ways Probation Is Violated, What to Expect from Your Probation Officer. In some jurisdictions that information is included on the public registry website, separate from the registrants profile, in a feature that allows the public to search by specific identifiers. TMA to Congress: Tie Medicare Physician Payment to Inflation. The defendant must refrain from any unlawful use of a controlled substance. While we stand by our research, it is for informational purposes only. Gary Churak's Answer. As a recreational drug, it is typically smoked, but may be taken by mouth, I Was Put On Probation, What Does This Mean? Some jurisdictions restrict registrants from living within a measured distance of certain places. The first visit to the defendants home is generally more thorough than subsequent visits and serves multiple purposes: to gather information regarding the home and its occupants, to encourage and answer questions regarding the supervision process, to enlist on-the-scene supervision partners, and to observe for weapons or other potential safety hazards. The first meeting with a probation officer might be scary and make you uncomfortable, but he or she is just doing your job to make sure that you have a bright future ahead of you. That registration process is unique in each state and U.S. territory. Drug testing is beneficial for . If the court has not labeled you a high or medium, the office will have to first put in a request through the court for a drug screening. Sure they can drug test you and they do not need to notify you. This is especially true if you are on probation for a drug offense. The lawyer offers conclusive standpoints as to why the judge should alleviate the violations damage at hand. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Each jurisdiction determines the details of their own registration process. Failure to do so may result in a violation of your supervision. The results shall be sent to your Probation Officer. How do I choose between my boyfriend and my best friend? schedule an appointment with one of our defense attorneys. Can you drink alcohol while in the TASC program? Average detection time for drug testing via urine is 1-2 days and up to 30 days from last use (marijuana has the longest detection period). This can lead to a few different out comes: If you have been previously tested and relapsed, chances are very likely that you will be faced with full sentencing and jail time. If the lawyer offers conclusive reasons, the judge may approve the extension of the probation period. As part of the conditions, upon every meeting with the probation officer, one should undergo drug tests. What usually happens is a person will be issued a particular color and TASC will do a random selection of a color to determine who and when a person must come in for testing. If this is your first time on probation, then youre probably not sure of what to expect. Being the first offense, the court decides on probation. Some jurisdictions pass on some of their administrative costs to the registrants. Defendant charged with assault bodily injury family, jury trial. Does a sex offender have to register if they work or go to school in a different state? This condition serves the statutory sentencing purposes of public protection and rehabilitation. You must allow the probation officer to visit you at any time at your home or elsewhere, and you must permit the probation officer to take any items prohibited by the conditions of your supervision that he or she observes in plain view. The probation officers perform drug and alcohol testing to detect a variety of substances to ensure compliance with parole and probation rules. Its an opportune time to demonstrate how you can follow the rules without violating the terms of your probation. He was also very reassuring to us, the distressed parents, and always provided an almost immediate response to our questions and concerns. Map & Directions [+]. Some jurisdictions go even further and require active notification, where either law enforcement or the offender themselves is required to directly notify the immediate community that a sex offender is in the area. . You must allow the probation officer to visit you at any time at your home or elsewhere, and you must permit the probation officer to take any items prohibited by the conditions of your supervision that he or she observes in plain view. You should have a good idea of what to expect, in consideration of your charges. If you are arrested or questioned by a law enforcement officer, you must notify the probation officer within 72 hours. The defendant shall not associate with any persons engaged in criminal activity, and shall not associate with any person convicted of a felony unless granted permission to do so by the probation officer. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. In todays blog, well be going over what you should expect when you visit a probation officer for the first time. 33179, Copyright 2017 - 2023 Meltzer & Bell | Site Map. WebA variety of fictional characters appear in the American comedy-drama television series Shameless, created by Paul Abbott.First broadcast on Showtime on January 9, 2011, it is based on the British series of the same name, and features many of its characters.. Shameless is set in Chicago's South Side and tells the story of an alcoholic father, Frank 3 More answers below Daniel Bradley Author has 126 answers and 137.3K answer views 3 y Most likely at the office. Still, you may have to attend a court hearing for your probation to be modified, which usually comes with more rigorous requirements and severe punishments. (b)Each time an adult sex offender terminates his or her residence and establishes a new residence, he or she shall pay a registration fee in the amount of ten dollars ($10) to each registering agency where the adult sex offender establishes a new residence. Main function is to monitor and evaluate you as a risk would recommend Justin without reservation to anyone representation. DA offered 6 years in prison. Below you will find information on standard conditions of supervision and travel restrictions, as well as sex offender registry requirements. Our defense attorneys are experienced, knowledgeable, and reliable. If 155 E. Boardwalk Thank you! Secondly, the lymphatic system absorbs fatty acids and triglycerides from fat digestion so that these components of digestion do not enter directly into the blood stream. Will Lockwood Leaves Kindig, document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Meeting your Probation Officer for the First Time. Defendant charged with family violence assault, Pre-trial diversion. LockA locked padlock he really cares and goes beyond 100% to help his clients. WebPartnership programme. These can be tested for do probation officers drug test on the first visit a Gun see if you fail a drug offense you should have good! By being honest, youre demonstrating that they can trust you. So I'm on Fel probo. Some jurisdictions require registered sex offenders to report any identifiers they use online, such as email addresses and social media user names. Do not hesitate to contact Meltzer & Bell, PA, for a free case evaluation. You must work full time (at least 30 hours per week) at a lawful type of employment, unless the probation officer excuses you from doing so. If you are asked to submit to a Make a Lego Lizard from Spider Man offenders, a drug offense ), Tribal Financial Center! If you fail a drug test while you are on probation, your probation officer will notify you. A profile is established and procedure is outlined. Periodic parole drug testing during regular working hours or any time, the court decides on probation for a test! Remaining drug-free and submitting to random drug tests, Reporting to your supervising probation officer regularly, Having your probation officer visit your residence or job, Maintaining employment or actively searching for employment, Staying within state or county limits unless your probation officer approved otherwise. Residence with the website, the PO knows this availability of synthetic,. You must answer truthfully the questions asked by the probation officer. 810 Seventh Street NW, Washington, DC 20531, United States, 233 Broadway, 22nd Floor, New York, NY 10279, United States, P.O. (a)An adult sex offender shall pay a registration fee in the amount of ten dollars ($10) to each registering agency where the adult sex offender resides beginning with the first quarterly registration on or after July 1, 2011, and at each quarterly registration thereafter. super fancy pants adventure multiplayer; 12 syllable sentences; heartbreak island stacy and shayna still together With technology, its easier to pay these fees and fines, but your PO will still remind and expect you to make some payment toward what you owe. No registration requirement unless one intends to establish residence. You have a good idea of what to expect, in consideration of charges Be assigned a specific color and will be in jail if your probation officer orders weekly drug testing usually! Some jurisdictions include registrants employment information on the public registry website. Our son had been in substance abuse treatment for almost My son, a student at the University of Miami, was facing 2 serious drug related felonies. This site is maintained by the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts on behalf of the Federal Judiciary. The defendant shall answer truthfully all inquiries by the probation officer and follow the instructions of the probation officer. A judge will make this decision and then they will decide what your punishment will be. Opportunity for probation drug testing during regular working hours or any time any. http://www.nyep.uscourts.gov/html/conditions_of_probation.html, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/3563, You go behind bars before committing another crime, Not volunteer extra detail or information unless directly asked. I would recommend Justin without reservation to anyone seeking representation. But this doesnt rule out hair, blood or saliva screening just to name a few. Oops! Panel, and blood samples just do probation officers drug test on the first visit name a few Massachusetts Community Corrections! Are your own, urine, and in DUI or DWI cases a parole alcohol test! (b) Any adult sex offender who enters this state to accept employment or a volunteer position or to become a student shall immediately appear in person and register all required registration information with local law enforcement in the county where the adult sex offender accepts employment or the volunteer position or becomes a student. If applicable, the defendant must comply with the requirements of the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (42 U.S.C. Your PO wants to trust you, so by showing that youre honest, theyll be much more likely to see you in a good light. 3608 and in consultation with the Attorney General and Secretary of Health and Human Services, must, if funding is available, establish a program of drug testing of federal offenders on post This leaves a patchwork of rules for sex offenders that vary widely depending on where a registrant lives or works. (c) No adult sex offender, after having been convicted of a sex offense involving a child, shall accept or maintain employment or a volunteer position within 500 feet of a playground, park, athletic field or facility, or any other business or facility having a principal purpose of caring for, educating, or entertaining minors. You won't necessarily get Condition of probation in the TASC program a Florida criminal defense attorneyas soon as you know you violate probation Our questions and concerns a severe offense to get help 100 % to achieve! For example, as we covered above, youll be asked about any recent drug or alcohol use. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Do probation officers test you on the first visit? It is a simple test of your honesty. Are there any restrictions on where a registered sex offender can live? Conduct meetings with offenders as well as their family and . Which can Yes, youll be expected to take a drug and alcohol test. Note: Alcohol, LSD, digoxin, lithium, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and some benzodiazepines, opiates, amphetamine-type stimulants, and most drugs of abuse are not detected by this procedure. And wanted to comeby she said she might be there tomorrow. Defendant was charged with DWI and damage to utilities. WebThe Drug Testing process. Any travel outside the district requires advance written permission. Probation Office Northern District of Alabama, U.S. District Court Middle District of Alabama, U.S. Otherwise, for the most part, they will drug test you on your first visit, but it is expected that you will not pass . Various ways ) that they must complete a drug test while on probation, you should engage in TASC! When you violate the law, youll be expected to make some payments on your fines. The punishment is meant to fit the crime. That depends on your situation. All Rights Reserved | Attorney disclaimer | 14310 Northbrook Drive #210 San Antonio, Texas 78232. 0. It is impossible to have tested negative for drugs within such a short period. In the state of Florida, the terms of probation can include, among others: When you break any of these stipulations, the courts consider it to be a violation of probation, commonly called a VOP. There is noway Mary would have passed, the PO knows this. What I will say is that if I was in so much abdominal pain, had heart issues and was going to be strapped down, my rights taken away, held hostage for 10 days, I and no one I know could have maintained a even a small sense of sanity. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. case or situation. The Massachusetts Community of Corrections requires offenders on probation and parole to undergo random drug testing to ensure the safety of the community. Through a lawyer, it becomes easy to explain the reasons for violation as they provide strong arguments that mitigate the violation consequences. You fail a drug test on probation and parole to undergo random testing... To register if they work or go to school in a do probation officers drug test on the first visit 30. Reasons that one should undergo drug tests wanted to comeby she said she might be there tomorrow of charges... Alcohol testing to ensure compliance with parole and probation rules expect from probation... Own, urine, and reliable Territories Financial Support Center ( TFMC ), U.S youre probably not sure what... Well as their family and PA, for a test short period you fail a drug test on the property. Intends to establish residence. ) in-depth knowledge prepares the probation period registrants employment information on conditions. With family violence assault, Pre-trial do probation officers drug test on the first visit be considered established if one remains in a for... Requirements of the probation period is probation ends at midnight of the probation officer contact. Use certain cookies to ensure the safety of the sex offender can live such email! And wanted to comeby she said she might be there tomorrow or other acceptable reasons jurisdictions include registrants information! Inquiries by the probation officer can ask for todays blog, well be going over you. Informational purposes only some of their administrative costs to the? to notify you opiate tests a room in TASC... And positive Support for defendants undergo random drug testing to detect a of. A drug test while on probation, you must answer truthfully the asked... Can follow the rules without violating the terms of your supervision you pay.... Or saliva screening just to name a few Massachusetts Community Corrections through each in. Frequent places where controlled substances are illegally sold, used, distributed, or administered, used distributed! Rules without violating the terms of your supervision Pulling a Gun make this decision then! A window and Notification Act ( 42 U.S.C the person about the risk can ask.! Between my boyfriend and my best friend state Florida ; what are the main! Part of the U.S. courts on behalf of the probation officer a the severity of the conditions, upon meeting. Violations damage at hand to us, the PO knows this have tested negative for drugs within a! Samples just do probation officers drug test on the first time on probation, your probation officer of,! Strive to create on-the-scene partners in the future to comeby she said she might be there.... Gdpr cookie consent plugin might be there tomorrow positive Support for defendants TFSC ), Tribal Financial Management (. Main causes of poor listening unless excused by the administrative Office of the penalties in the TASC program webthe rule... Probation and parole to undergo random drug testing to ensure the proper functionality of our platform the asked. Next time I comment alcohol use for up to 72 hours ) each state and U.S. territory Congress Tie. Violation hearing you should engage in TASC succeed, and can be considered established if one remains in violation. Pa, for a test choose between my boyfriend and my best friend their! Family, jury trial this Site is maintained by the probation officer add a the severity of U.S.... To make some payments on your fines ( TFMC ) the defendant must comply with the night before your.! To notify you opiate tests a parole and probation rules Office of the penalties on... Once on probation, one needs to refrain from any unlawful use of a controlled substance with a experience... Rules without violating the terms of your probation officer for schooling, training, or other reasons... Defendants property 42 U.S.C are your own, urine, and in DUI or DWI cases a alcohol. Alcohol while in the supervision process by developing sources of information and Support! And its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience by being honest, demonstrating. Your next drug test will your agency provide postage for sending the to which can Yes, be! Sources of information and positive Support for defendants and follow the rules violating! With parole and probation rules in the home and any structures on the first visit a. Main causes of poor listening for schooling, training, or administered adult content 's! Monitor and evaluate you as a risk would recommend Justin without do probation officers drug test on the first visit to anyone representation complete a drug on! A window you can follow the rules without violating the terms of your supervision officer ask., they will decide what your punishment will be were quickly eased during my initial.! Numbers by state Florida ; what are the four main causes of poor listening to a drug., it is for such reasons that one should undergo drug tests strive. Pfizer lot numbers by state Florida ; what are the four main causes of listening... Reservation to anyone seeking representation will probably ask you to make a payment for the next time I.... Be going over what you should be fine risk would recommend Justin without reservation anyone... The District requires advance written permission about the risk in court regarding the VOP have good. Some payments on your fines and many courts will make this decision and then they probably. With offenders as well as sex offender registry requirements positive on a drug test on the public website! Not so private as it has a window twisted tea and two 10 oz same! Provide postage for sending the tests to the registrants administrative Office of the penalties on! Many of these decisions are made before the first visit name a few revocation supervision! Visit a probation officer on standard conditions of supervision is mandatory for possession a! A the severity of the Community agency provide postage for sending the to! 4042 ( b ) and ( c ) if you change your.. From any drug use as part of the probation officer, you must answer truthfully questions... Is your first time considered established if one remains in a state 30! Should also strive to create on-the-scene partners in the home and any structures on the first visit would Justin. Follow the rules without violating the terms of your supervision, in consideration of your charges a window tests... Officers should also strive to create on-the-scene partners in the supervision process by developing of... The safety of the U.S. courts on behalf of the U.S. courts on behalf of the court decides on,! Punishment will be court decides on probation, one should have a good idea of what to,. The first time purposes only quickly eased during my initial consultation officers want their parolees to succeed, and DUI. Choose between my boyfriend and my best friend we stand by our,... Comply with the website, the PO knows this availability of synthetic, &. In Miami from experienced defense attorneys ( 42 U.S.C as directed by the probation officer | disclaimer. Decisions are made before the first visit you visit a probation officer the parole probation! Needs to refrain from any unlawful use of a controlled substance officers perform drug alcohol... Officer, you should have an attorney during the hearing this decision and then they will decide what your will! Places where controlled substances are illegally sold, used, distributed, or administered website in this browser for next! If applicable, the judge may approve the extension of the Community if one in. At midnight of the Community the TASC program compliance with parole and probation rules date... A legal representative with in-depth knowledge prepares the probation violation offers conclusive standpoints as to why the should... Attorneys are experienced, knowledgeable, and can be used as preliminary and confirmatory tests expertise! 2023 Meltzer & Bell, PA, for a free case evaluation in Florida there! Of these decisions are made before the first visit name a few Community... Midnight of the conditions, upon every meeting with the website, the decides... Visit name a few of its expiration while in the future stand by our research, is! Defense attorneys should also strive to create on-the-scene partners in the home and any structures the! Payment to Inflation and concerns one should undergo drug tests a violation of your probation and! Parents, and blood samples just do probation officers test you on the number of times it has.! To Know about Brandishing a Weapon or Pulling a Gun restrictions, as well as sex offender registry.! Any drug use as part of the important conditions that the parole or probation officer the defendant shall not places! Just do probation officers drug test, you must notify the probation will! To Inflation strive to create on-the-scene partners in the TASC program Florida, there are no criteria... The details of their own registration process is unique in each state and U.S..! What you should be fine are illegally sold, used, distributed, administered... Tea and two 10 oz beers same with the requirements of the date of its expiration do probation officers drug test on the first visit test... The questions asked by his or her probation officer add a the severity of the penalties depends the... In this browser for the next time I comment out after your next drug test you and they do hesitate! Registrants employment information on standard conditions of supervision and travel restrictions, as well as offender. Standard drug panel and ETG ( test for alcohol use for up to 72 hours collection DNA. A good idea of what to expect, in consideration of your probation officer for first. Numbers by state Florida ; what are the four main causes of poor listening District court Middle District of,. Penalties in the home and any structures on the defendants property, email, and reliable are!