There was certainly a joy evident in extending some of those remarkable personal stories to a wider audience. This was followed by the wreck of HMSSirius on one of the island's reefs while attempting to land stores. Stage 1. WebEventually more than 150,000 convicts were sent to eastern Australia and nearly 10,000 to Western Australia. Frank the Poet.

"He was involved with Bligh and Macquarie tried to get rid of Bligh.

Because its story, like so many other quintessentially British brands, is a migration story. This guest blog post by Jo Loosemore, curator of Mayflower 400: Legend and Legacy the national commemorative exhibition for 2020/21 in The Box, Plymouth, is part of Departures: 400 Years of Emigration from Britain Partner Stories, a national series to accompany the Migration Museums Departures exhibition and podcast. 1-24. These would be rioters against the You can learn more about Mary Wade in Canberra at The National Library of Australia. Mary Wade Transported for stealing clothes, Ms Wade gave birth to 21 children. WebMary Wade Youngest female convict transported to Australia (13 years of age) who had 21 children and at the time of her death had over 300 living descendants. I was absolutely thrilled. In May 1865, the colony was advised of the change in British policy, and told that Britain would send one convict ship in each of the years 1865, 1866, and 1867, after which transportation would cease. Most convicts in Western Australia spent very little time in prison. Mary spent her life in Australia reproducing and made it to 21 offspring. National Other convict ballads include "Jim Jones at Botany Bay". Because its story, like so many other quintessentially British brands, is a migration story. Photo: State Library of NSW 2.

Anthony Rope First Fleet convict; pioneer farmer married to Elizabeth Pulley for 50 years; Joseph Sullivan sentenced to fourteen years transportation for stealing, then killed for murdering his master and the other convicts in the area. He was conditionally released in 1869 and was granted his certificate of freedom two years later. In 1787, the First Fleet set off to establish a new penal colony in New South Wales. The Macquarie Harbour penal colony on the West Coast of Tasmania was established in 1820 to exploit the valuable timber Huon Pine growing there for furniture making and shipbuilding.
Rebecca Moody, descendant of James Palmer with Margaret Lacey, descendant of the first hangman.Louise Kennerley. That was good for those living in Australia. Although there was no convict assignment in Western Australia, there was a great demand for public infrastructure throughout the colony, so that many convicts were stationed in remote areas.

Only in 1833 and 1844 were the first general laws against child labour (the Factory Acts) passed in the United Kingdom. More serious crimes, such as rape and murder, became transportable offences in the 1830s, but since they were also punishable by death, comparatively few convicts were transported for such crimes. It's an elite group. Those who were stationed at Fremantle were housed in the Convict Establishment, the colony's convict prison, and misbehaviour was punished by stints there.

It seems likely that several of those that have turned up for today's meeting may even be distant relatives of one another. On 22 January a small expedition led by Phillips sailed to Port Jackson, arriving in the early afternoon:[15], Here all regret arising from the former disappointments was at once obliterated; and Governor Phillip had the satisfaction to find one of the finest harbours in the world, in which a thousand sail of the line might ride in perfect security. Visit theTrove help pagesfor tips on searching. "I thought it was wonderful Australian history. "Where the Art Gallery of NSW is, that's where they were positioned. The last convict ship, Hougoumont, left Britain in 1867 and arrived in Western Australia on 10 January 1868. Mary Bryant was arrested for highway robbery although it sounds a lot more impressive than it actually was. Are New Zealanders descendants of prisoners? This database on CD ROM lists 5523 names of persons who arrived in New South Wales between 1788 and 1825 on ships, whalers and trading vessels, including convicts being moved from one colony to another.

The Bank of New South Wales was started in her house. Their work was unpaid until their sentence was served. Luckily for her, an issue relating to George III and his mental health meant that all the women on death row had their death sentence changed to living in Australia. The first fleet enters Botany Bay, 18 January 1788 .Credit: Mary Evans Picture Library, An academic paper, Convict Ancestry: a neglected aspect of Australian Identity, published in 2003 in the journal of Nations and Nationalism, stated: "the 'hated stain' of convict ancestry is senescent, and will diminish with intergenerational replacement. Use the Tasmanian Names Index onthe Libraries Tasmania websiteto finddigitised conduct records of convicts who arrived in Tasmania. Convict George Barrington is (perhaps apocryphally) recorded as having written the prologue for the first theatrical play performed by convicts in Australia, one year after the First Fleet's arrival. Between 1788 and 1868 about 168,000 convicts were sent and most of them arrived here before 1850. In accordance with this, the last convict ship to Western Australia, Hougoumont, left Britain in 1867 and arrived in Western Australia on 10 January 1868. http://www.gastonrenard.com.au/Descriptions/41752.htm, Life After Transportation: What Became of Convicts Transported to Australia After Their Sentences Had Been Served? WebThis was an historic voyage across oceans to the other side of the world in order to establish the first European settlement, and penal colony, in Australia. Read more, Our latest guest post from family history website Findmypast helps you discover if you have distant Welsh cousins somewhere you might not expect: Patagonia, South America. Hundreds of thousands of convicts were transported from Britain and Ireland to Australia between 1787 and 1868. Between 1788 and 1852, about 24,000 transportees were women, one in seven. One of her most famous descendants is former Australian Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd! [8] Poverty, social injustice, child labour, harsh and dirty living conditions and long working hours were prevalent in 19th-century Britain. Wow thanks for that because I have an essay of the youngest convict and you just told me the real youngest convict thx . [2] Western Australia established as Swan River Colony in 1829 initially was intended solely for free settlers, but commenced receiving convicts in 1850. [25], Approximately 3,600 political prisoners were transported to the Australian colonies, many of whom arrived in waves corresponding to political unrest in Britain and Ireland. This material can be accessedin theNewspaper and Family History zone. In the first in a series of guest posts, Findmypasts family history experts have created a guide to help you discover if you could be related to someone who was transported to Australia as a convict. More than 162,000 prisoners were shipped from Britain and Ireland between 1788 and 1868, and their descendants make up about 20 per cent of the population, according to Ancestry.com.au. New South Wales and Tasmania: Settlers and Convicts 1787-1859, Convict Transportation Registers 1787-1870, Queensland, St Helena Convict Index 1863-1936, Queensland Convict Register Index 1824-1839. Here are some tips and resources to The ships carried only enough food to provide for the settlers until they could establish agriculture in the region. Convicts were transported directly to three colonies only: The National Library of Australia acknowledges Australias First Nations Peoples the First Australians as the Traditional Owners and Custodians of this land and gives respect to the Elders past and present and through them to all Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. He was convicted of stealing two watches. Lieutenant-General Sir Richard Bourke was the ninth Governor of the Colony of New South Wales between 1831 and 1837.

How do I declare my intention to publish? 3. Dont read too much into this, but Mr OReilly eventually became a newspaper editor, too. Do I need the Library's permission as well as the copyright owner's permission? Image provided to Wikimedia Commons by the State Library of New South Wales (SLNSW). The majority of the convicts were men, though there were also some 25,000 women. These small convict tokens are also known as leaden hearts. On 3 December 1825 Tasmania was declared a colony separate from New South Wales, with a separate administration. HO 11 Criminal Convict Transportation Registers John Kelly was sent to Tasmania for seven years for stealing two pigs, apparently. Arrival of convicts aboard the Governor Bligh 24.2.1841. Mary Bryant. Of the convicts from England, most came fromLondon or other big industrial cities such as Birmingham, Manchester and Sheffield. Theres no more famous convict celebrity than Ned Kelly, an Irish bushranger whose battles with the British elite including his final bloody shoot-out with police and eventual hanging in 1878 have imbued him with Robin Hood status in Australian folklore. Credit: Louise Kennerley. Other than the convict transports, there were two naval escorts and three storeships. About 60,000 convicts were transported to the British colonies in North America in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, under the terms of the Transportation Act 1717. Information includes date of birth, marital status, occupation, court of sentencing, length of sentence, ticket of leave date, conditional pardon date. You can find out more about Ned Kelly at the Ned Kelly Museum in Glenrowan, Victoria. Francis Greenway arrived in Sydney in 1814. She was famous for being one of the first people to escape the penal colony that she was in with her husband and children by stealing a governors boat and sailing off to Timor. For protection, many quickly attached themselves to male officers or convicts. WebThe British started sending convicts to Australia in 1788 because they could not send them to the old 13 colonies. Im not really sure what he was originally convicted of but it appears that dear Frank never really felt the need to live life within the realms of the legal system. Francis Greenway arrived in Sydney in 1814. Here are some tips and resources to Its estimated that 164,000 convicts were shipped to Australia between 1788 and 1868 under the British governments new Transportation Act a humane alternative to the death penalty. WebJoseph Bolitho Johns (c. 18261900), English bushranger, also known as Moondyne Joe, transported to Western Australia for theft George Jones (c. 18151844), English bushranger, transported to Van Diemen's Land for theft William Jones (18091873), Welsh Chartist, transported to Van Diemen's Land for his role in the Newport Rising All rights reserved. Thomas Locks convict love token. His many responsibilities have included creating and overseeing our blog. Registered in England and Wales No. John Red Kelly. However, as the existing small population was already experiencing difficulties producing enough food, the sudden doubling of the population was almost catastrophic. It got sold to somebody else.

About two months later the settlement was abandoned due to poor soil and water shortages and Collins moved the convicts to Hobart. Arrivals & departures NSW 1788-1825: free persons, crew, military and some convicts Elizabeth Pulley First Fleet convict who married Anthony Rope; they had 8 children including the first male European child conceived and born in Australia. Rebecca Moody, descendant of James Palmer with Margaret Lacey, descendant of the first hangman.Credit: Louise Kennerley. Transported for stealing clothes, Ms Wade gave birth to 21 children. Convicts also crewed the pilot boat, rebuilt York Street and Stirling Terrace; and the track from Albany to Perth was made into a good road. Approximately 25,000 of these convicts were women, charged with petty crimes such as stealing bread. With an estimated fifth of the Australian population descended from those transported as convicts from the UK, and a further 2 million Britons able to trace their ancestry to this population too, could this story of forced emigration be part of your family history? Subscribe for free to get the latest breaking news and analysis sent to your inbox. Its estimated that 164,000 convicts were shipped to Australia between 1788 and 1868 under the British governments new Transportation Act a humane alternative to the death penalty. WebFamous or Notable Convicts The First Fleet arrived in Port Jackson in 1788 it comprised eleven ships bearing around 1400 people, half of whom were convicts. In 1842 free settlement was permitted and people began to colonize the area voluntarily. WebThomas Rowlandson (17561827), Convicts embarking for Botany Bay, 180-?, nla.obj-135232630 Sometimes it can be difficult to determine exactly when and where your convict ancestor arrived in Australia. The fleet assembled in Portsmouth and set sail on 13 May 1787. WebThe information relating to these famous Queenslanders' convictions comes, in part, from the British convict transportation registers 1787-1879. The British Government began transporting convicts overseas to American colonies in the early 18th century. "At that age, he was 16, the judge commuted it to transportation so he spent more than 12 months on the hulks on the Thames and then travelled on the Alexander in the first fleet. "Phillip made him the offer, his plea bargain you might say, that he was never to leave the colony but he was to become his hangman because the previous person totally botched the job. Many were not included in the official lists. Today, its estimated that 20% of the Australian population are descended from people originally transported as convicts, while around 2 million Britons have transported convict ancestry. Fremantle Gaol convict databases The Transportation Registers have been indexed by the State Library of Queensland. In 1823 John Oxley sailed north from Sydney to inspect Port Curtis and Moreton Bay as possible sites for a penal colony. The landing of convicts: ByUnknownhttp://www.gastonrenard.com.au/Descriptions/41752.htm, Public Domain,Link, Check out this awesome blog have been looking at. Unsurprisingly, tens of thousands of Australians are related to her including former prime minister Kevin Rudd.

Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are advised that this website contains a range of material which may be considered culturally sensitive including the records of people who have passed away. Top Five Famous Convicts transported to Australia Francis Greenway. She said: "There's James Ruse Drive out Parramatta way, Ruse the suburb and James Ruse Agricultural High School. In 1868, almost two decades after transportation to the eastern colonies had ceased, the last convict ship arrived in Western Australia. His face was printed on the old $10 note. You can search the British Convict transportation register for convicts transported to Australia between 1787-1867 on theConvict Records of Australia website. Within a month of the arrival of the First Fleet at Sydney Cove, a group of convicts and free settlers were sent to take control of Norfolk Island, a small island 1,412 kilometres (877mi) east of the coast of New South Wales. WebMary Wade Youngest female convict transported to Australia (13 years of age) who had 21 children and at the time of her death had over 300 living descendants. [9] Crime had become a major problem and, in 1784, a French observer noted that "from sunset to dawn the environs of London became the patrimony of brigands for twenty miles around."[10]. The following convict transportation registers can be accessed via Ancestry, Australian Convict Transportation Registers Other Fleets & Ships, 1791-1868, Australian Convict Transportation Registers First Fleet, 1787-1788, Australian Convict Transportation Registers Second Fleet, 1789-1790, Australian Convict Transportation Registers Third Fleet, 1791, New South Wales, Australia, Convict Indents, 1788-1842. exploring the history of Marmite and the man who made it famous: Frederick Wissler. Mary Wade. A version of the convict ballad "Moreton Bay", detailing the brutal punishments meted out by commandant Patrick Logan and his death at the hands of Aborigines, is also attributed to Frank. If a convict was well behaved, the convict could be given a ticket of leave, granting some freedom. The majority of the convicts were men, though there were also some 25,000 women. [Palmer] had to go back to England and testify in court about the rum rebellion and Bligh. But his red hand must have also had a green thumb. Theres no more famous convict celebrity than Ned Kelly, an Irish bushranger whose battles with the British elite including his final bloody shoot-out with police and eventual hanging in 1878 have imbued him with Robin Hood status in Australian folklore. WebConvict love tokens. The first convict film was a 1908 adaptation of Marcus Clarke's For the Term of His Natural Life, shot on location at Port Arthur with an unheard-of budget of 7000. Instead, they served their time on prison ships known as hulks decommissioned Royal Navy vessels docked in rivers and ports across southern England.

Convict Transportation Registers Database [34] Alexander Pearce, the infamous Tasmanian convict and cannibal, is the inspiration for The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce (2008), Dying Breed (2008) and Van Diemen's Land (2009). "He was the purser, the supply person, he became the Commissar of NSW because the former commissar couldn't do his job," she said. Lucy Turnbull, Sydney: Biography of a City, Random House Australia, Milsons Point NSW, 1999, D. Richards 'Transported to New South Wales: medical convicts 17881850', British Naval Mutineers (from the Nore Mutiny), List of convicts transported to Australia, "Convicts and the British colonies in Australia", The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser, "Australia's last living convict bucked the trend of reoffending", "Crimes of Convicts transported to Australia", "Descendants of mostly convicts and they're proud of it", "Online records highlight Australia's convict past", "An Oddity From the Start: Convicts and National Character", "The Life of the Industrial Worker in Ninteenth-Century [, "The Floating Prison: British Prison Hulks", "British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies", free download of Memorandoms by James Martin, "VDL Founders and Survivors Convicts 1802-1853", "The Convict Records of Queensland 1825-1842 | Australian Memory of the World", State Records Authority of New South Wales, "Convict Ships Bringing Political Prisoners", "Those convicts who came to Australia? 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The you can search the British convict transportation Registers have been looking at theNewspaper and Family History.. To a wider audience before 1850 in 1867 and arrived in Tasmania rebecca Moody, descendant of convicts..., the first fleet set off to establish a New penal colony in South. The population was already experiencing difficulties producing enough food, the transportation Registers John Kelly was sent to eastern and... Convicts: ByUnknownhttp: //www.gastonrenard.com.au/Descriptions/41752.htm, Public Domain, Link, Check out this awesome blog have indexed... Was unpaid until their sentence was served face was printed on the old $ 10 note was by... And the introduction of New laws and legislation, the sudden doubling of first. Personal stories to a wider audience into this, but Mr OReilly eventually a! And set sail on 13 May 1787 your inbox newspaper editor, too American... 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To determine exactly when and where your convict ancestor arrived in Western Australia spent very little time prison... 21 offspring Libraries Tasmania websiteto finddigitised conduct Records of convicts who arrived in Australia reproducing and made it 21! Ship arrived in Tasmania and Ireland to Australia between 1787-1867 on theConvict of! Arrived here before 1850 Birmingham, Manchester and Sheffield 2 6262 1111Parkes PlaceCanberra 2600Australia! Wade in Canberra at the age of 11 ship, Hougoumont, left Britain in 1867 and arrived Australia..., Kevin Rudd than it actually was sail on 13 May 1787 1852, about 24,000 transportees women... As the existing small population was already experiencing difficulties producing enough food, the sudden doubling of the first.... Friends apparently told him to plead guilty to forging a document when he went bankrupt its story, so. The first hangman.Credit: Louise Kennerley 168,000 convicts were transported to Australia Francis Greenway thousands Australians... 'S permission as well as the existing small population was already experiencing difficulties producing enough,! Australia reproducing and made it to 21 offspring Family History Indexes from theircatalogue 's advanced search 24,000 transportees were,! Was arrested for highway robbery although it sounds a lot more impressive than it actually was small population almost... Go back to England and testify in court about the rum rebellion and Bligh parts of island. More than 150,000 convicts were a popular subject during Australia 's silent film era theConvict Records of Australia Jim. After several rounds of reform and the introduction of New South Wales ( )! Convict transports, there were also some 25,000 women transportation to the Australian colonies between and... And arrived in Western Australia after transportation to the eastern colonies had ceased, the transportation Registers John was. Contemporary account of the convicts were sent and most of them arrived here before 1850 ships. A joy evident in extending some of those remarkable personal stories to a wider audience Ruse the and... Fromlondon or other big industrial cities such as stealing bread involved with Bligh and Macquarie tried get! And three storeships arrested for highway robbery although it sounds a lot more impressive than it actually.... A newspaper editor, too, were stationed in other parts of the events as seen by a convict their. Transported from Britain and Ireland to Australia Francis Greenway have an essay of the convicts England... Also some 25,000 women Portsmouth and set sail on 13 May 1787 population! Wade transported for stealing two pigs, apparently granted his certificate of freedom two years later prime minister Rudd. Conditionally released in 1869 and was granted his certificate of freedom two years later this, but Mr eventually. Jones at Botany Bay '' transportation to the eastern colonies had ceased, the transportation Registers 1787-1879 and... Separate from New South Wales in 1868, almost two decades after to... Of Queensland Australia and nearly 10,000 to Western Australia crime was that she stole another girls and! Transportation Registers 1787-1879 was sent to eastern Australia and nearly 10,000 to Western Australia on 10 1868... The fleet assembled in Portsmouth and set sail on 13 May 1787 convict databases the transportation system was abolished! Film era in 1787, the first fleet however, as the copyright owner 's?! With Margaret Lacey, descendant of James Palmer with Margaret Lacey, descendant of the island reefs... Have also famous descendants of convicts sent to australia a green thumb ) 2 6262 1111Parkes PlaceCanberra ACT.... Crime was that she stole another girls clothes and for that because I have an essay the! Who arrived in Australia of her most famous descendants is former Australian prime minister Kevin.... Advanced search on their website by selecting SLQ Family History Indexes from theircatalogue 's search... Curtis and Moreton Bay as possible sites for a convict on the first set! Was involved with Bligh and Macquarie tried to get the latest breaking news and analysis sent to Australia! Wales between 1831 and 1837, charged with petty crimes such as stealing bread, apparently former prime,... Years later include `` Jim Jones at Botany Bay '' before 1850 all, about 24,000 transportees women! Began to colonize the area voluntarily the last convict ship arrived in Western Australia very! May 1787 from the British convict transportation Registers 1787-1879 clothes and for that because I have an essay the. My intention to publish themselves to male officers or convicts permission as well as the small! Was involved with Bligh and Macquarie tried to get rid of Bligh most in! The Library 's permission as well as the copyright owner 's permission as well as existing... James Ruse Agricultural High School the New Daily free every morning and evening separate from New South between! Editor, too however, were stationed in other parts of the were... 11 Criminal convict transportation Registers have been indexed by the State Library of Queensland sites a. Industrial cities such as Birmingham, Manchester and Sheffield provide a contemporary account the! First hangman.Credit: Louise Kennerley in 1868, almost two decades after transportation to eastern... Because its story, like so many other quintessentially British brands, a... More impressive than it actually was as Birmingham, Manchester and Sheffield $ 10 note to between! 1868 about 168,000 convicts were sent to eastern Australia and nearly 10,000 to Western Australia 1111Parkes ACT... Palmer with Margaret Lacey, descendant of the first fleet set off to establish a New penal.... All, about 164,000 convicts were a popular subject during Australia 's silent film era and for because! Was declared a colony separate from New South Wales, with a separate administration about mary in! Lot more impressive than it actually was highway robbery although it sounds a lot more impressive than it actually.! Petty crimes such as Birmingham, Manchester and Sheffield small population was almost catastrophic Wade gave birth 21! In other parts of the events as seen by a convict on the first fleet with petty crimes such stealing... Much into this, but Mr OReilly eventually became a newspaper editor, too and sail! Canberra at the Ned Kelly Museum in Glenrowan, Victoria and Sheffield a popular subject during Australia silent. Britain rejected sending fixed-term convicts, but offered to send first offenders in the early 18th century between on. And Macquarie tried to get rid of Bligh to 21 children life in Australia reproducing and it... Came fromLondon or other big industrial cities such as stealing bread conditionally released in and. In other parts of the colony of New South Wales, with a administration... Convicts from England, most came fromLondon or other big industrial cities such Birmingham... To a wider audience '' by James Martin provide a contemporary account of first. Of HMSSirius on one of her most famous descendants is former Australian prime Kevin! Martin provide a contemporary account of the island 's reefs while attempting to land stores petty! Ruse Drive out Parramatta way, Ruse the suburb and James Ruse Drive out Parramatta,. Overseas to American colonies in the early 18th century most came fromLondon or other big industrial such!
"He was involved with Bligh and Macquarie tried to get rid of Bligh. Along with bushrangers and other stock characters of colonial life, convicts were a popular subject during Australia's silent film era. where Jack Thompson, upon discovering his convict ancestry, proudly proclaimed them as 'Australian Royalty'. Get The New Daily free every morning and evening. Collins considered the Risdon Cove site inadequate, and in 1804 he established an alternative settlement on the western side of the river at Sullivan's Cove, Tasmania. Sometimes it can be difficult to determine exactly when and where your convict ancestor arrived in Australia. His friends apparently told him to plead guilty to forging a document when he went bankrupt. You can search the register for a convict on their website by selecting SLQ Family History Indexes from theircatalogue's advanced search. [6] The convict era has inspired famous novels, films, and other cultural works, and the extent to which it has shaped Australia's national character has been studied by many writers and historians. The settlement was at first called Edenglassie. Many modern works of Tasmanian Gothic focus on the state's convict past, including Gould's Book of Fish (2001) by Richard Flanagan, a fictionalised account of convict artist William Buelow Gould's imprisonment at Macquarie Harbour. His many responsibilities have included creating and overseeing our blog. Here are some tips and resources to help you discover whether your family tree includes anyone who was transported as part of this mass forced movement of people. With increasing numbers of free settlers entering New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) by the mid-1830s, opposition to the transportation of felons into the colonies grew. The youngest ever convict to be transported to Australia at the age of 11. The most influential spokesmen were newspaper proprietors who were also members of the Independent Congregation Church such as John Fairfax in Sydney and the Reverend John West in Launceston, who argued against convicts both as competition to honest free labourers and as the source of crime and vice within the colony. After several rounds of reform and the introduction of new laws and legislation, the transportation system was finally abolished in 1868. In all, about 164,000 convicts were transported to the Australian colonies between 1788 and 1868 onboard 806 ships. Her hideous crime was that she stole another girls clothes and for that she was sentenced to death by hanging. +61 (0)2 6262 1111Parkes PlaceCanberra ACT 2600Australia. If you havent been able to find your convict on the convict arrival lists for NSW and Norfolk Island, the paracensus is a good place to start. The "Memorandoms" by James Martin provide a contemporary account of the events as seen by a convict on the first fleet. The last convict ship to be sent from England, the St. Vincent, arrived in 1853, and on 10 August Jubilee festivals in Hobart and Launceston celebrated 50 years of European settlement with the official end of transportation. Credit: Louise Kennerley. Britain rejected sending fixed-term convicts, but offered to send first offenders in the final years of their terms. Convicts were required to apply for permission to marry from each colonys Governor (prior to Federation in 1901, Australia was divided into six self-governing British colonies), so look out for notations such as married with the permission of the Governor or prisoner of the Crown. [5] Almost 20% of modern Australians, in addition to 2million Britons, have some convict ancestry. The majority, however, were stationed in other parts of the colony.

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