White Snakeroot Toxicity The leaves and stems of white snakeroot plants contain tremetol, a fat-soluble toxin that not only poisons the livestock consuming it but also passes into the milk of lactating animals.

WebWhite snakeroot is toxic to livestock and also causes illness in humans who consume milk from affected animals. Animals eating 1% to 10% of their body weight of green white snakeroot can be fatally poisoned. underground stems (rhizomes) resulting in clusters of white snakeroot plants. One state where white snakeroot is frequently found is Missouri, where it is often discovered in woodlands with trees and rocky terrains. Renal fibrosis has also been observed in some (but not all) studies. White snakeroot is another plant youd do best to avoid, especially as ingesting it can cause illness. White snakeroot contains a cocktail of toxic compounds that can poison goats and other livestock, causing neurological disorders commonly referred to as trembles, which can be fatal. These so-called atypical antipsychotics include clozapine (Clozaril), risperidone (Risperdal), paliperidone (Invega), olanzapine (Zyprexa), quetiapine (Seroquel), ziprasidone (Geodon), and aripiprazole (Abilify). The mechanism used by tremetol to cause injury is unclear, but dysfunction of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by inhibiting the tricarboxylic acid cycle has been suggested. to kill an adult, less than the amount of poison in one seed, and it is said that ex Kurz. WebAdditional Common Names: fall poison, richweed, tremetol. You can tell poison hemlock apart from its benign cousin, wild carrot, by the presence of purple blotches on the stem. WebWhite snakeroot contains the toxin tremetol; when the plants are consumed by cattle, the meat and milk become contaminated with the toxin. Hanks was poisoned by simply drinking the milk of a cow who had grazed on the plant. Renal tubular nephrosis is more pronounced in rayless goldenrod poisoning. plant in the world.

When milk or meat containing the toxin is consumed, the poison is passed on to humans. sampling the vegetation. Unfortunately, steering clear might not always be enough to keep you safe from it. Leaves are typically flat and wrinkled. Theres also auseful bonus atthe end ofthe article, sodont forget tocheck itout. Copyright 2023 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Most cases of poisoning reported constipation, nausea, vomition, rapid labored respiration, progressive muscular weakness, stiff gait, standing in a humped-up position, dribbling urine, inability to stand, coma, and death. White snakeroot plants have coarse toothed, round-based

contains atropine and scopolamine in its stems, leaves, berries, and roots, and causes WebToxicity. plant and when dried in hay. White snakeroot is toxic to livestock and also causes illness in humans who consume milk from affected animals. Like ricin, abrin prevents protein synthesis WebWhen the sap of the giant hogweeds leaves is touched and the skin exposed to sunlight, it can cause pain and the occurrence of severe blisters on the skin. There isalso anon-poisonous sumac, and you can tell them apart bytheir berries. Toxicity is highest in the green plant, but dried plants remain toxic. With so many plants out there, though, its hard to keep track of them all and to know which ones are safe and which ones arent. Having white snakeroot growing in your flowerbeds is no different than cultivating datura moonflowers or foxglove. Acute cardiac rhabdomyocyte degeneration and necrosis are discussed in detail in the section on Responses to Injury: Myocardium, Myocardial Necrosis and also in Chapter 15. beautiful native plant is an unwelcome guest in livestock and horse fields. The Project was originally started by Dr. Tony Knight in 2001. WebWhen the sap of the giant hogweeds leaves is touched and the skin exposed to sunlight, it can cause pain and the occurrence of severe blisters on the skin. Giant hogweeds flowers can bewhite orgreenish-white, and the whole inflorescence resembles anumbrella.

After ingestion, white snakeroot (Eupatorium rugosum) causes myocardial degeneration and necrosis (acute injury) followed by fibrosis (reparative response). Changes in the forestomach of rats can be seen within 24h of exposure, leading to papillomas in the epithelium after 14days of exposure. Indeed, both the meat and milk from poisoned livestock can pass the toxin to human The putative toxin in white snakeroot is tremetone and possibly other benzofuran ketones, even though it has not been demonstrated in vivo. Severe sweating, rapid respirations, cardiac dysrhythmias, and sudden death may occur. before they release their seeds to prevent widespread distribution. However, white snakeroot growing in pastures and hay fields remains a within cells and can cause organ failure within four days. Is white snakeroot poisonous? In addition to being antagonists at dopamine receptors, these drugs are also antagonists at type-2 serotonin receptors. Websnakeroot poisoning, illness in humans and grazing animals caused by trematol, a poisonous alcohol present in white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima), a plant found in North America. oleander is a beautiful plant known for its striking Signs begin with depression or inactivity, followed by noticeable trembling of the fine muscles of the nose and legs. Animals who ingest this plant are prone to muscle necrosis, an infection of soft tissue, and cardiotoxicity, leading to heart damage. WebWhite snakeroot contains the toxin. By the intravenous route, the corresponding values were 83 and 74mgkg1bw in males and females, respectively. However, all species should be considered toxic until proven otherwise. Nor does Colorado State University warrant that the use of this information is free of any claims of copyright infringement. All parts of the plant, especially its leaves, contain the toxic The difference between these two varieties is in the shape of their flowerheads. Diagnosing white snakeroot poisoning is typically done on a symptom basis. See the discussion on ionophore-induced myocardial degeneration in the section on Disorders of Domestic Animals. The toxic constituents of rayless goldenrod are similar to those found in white snakeroot, and the original term, tremetol, is a mixture of ketones and alcohols. Tremetone (5-acetyl-2,3-dihydro-2-isopropenyl-benzofuran) was thought to be the principle toxic factor; however, 11 different compounds have now been isolated and identified (Lee et al., 2010).

used in jewelry and prayer rosaries. Widely grown as an ornamental, the reach 3 feet (1 m.) tall. The flowers point upward and are clear white and tuftlike. The flowerheads are arranged in loose, terminal, flat-topped clusters. Toxicity: Toxic to Horses. Kip E. Panter, Bryan L. Stegelmeier, in Veterinary Toxicology (Third Edition), 2018. Cardiac muscle lesions are generally more prominent than skeletal muscle lesions in horses. WebWhite snakeroot is common statewide. In fact, there are over 300,000 known plant species, with more being discovered annually. Clinical Signs: Tremors, cardiac damage. There is also a troublesome incidence of diarrhea, hyperprolactinemia, gynecomastia, and a possible withdrawal syndrome. White snakeroots toxic agent is tremetone. Snakeroot prefers a rich, organic medium with an alkaline pH The carcinogenic aspect of this organ-specific toxicity is discussed below. The leaves ofboth plants are very similar, but the ones ofthe white oak have single leaves unlike the ones ofthe poison oak that grow ingroups of3. Ithas white flowers with 5petals, which bloom throughout the spring and summer. Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats. Unlike those who have died from directly ingesting deadly plants, poor Nancy Family: Asteraceae. Although some Native American tribes used the roots for medicinal purposes, white snakeroot should be kept outside your body. The leaves of poison threat for grazing animals. The poisonous one has clusters ofgreen berries and the harmless one has red berries. Macroscopic lesions include pale white to tan areas and linear streaks throughout the myocardium; microscopic lesions include multifocal myocardial degeneration and necrosis with vacuolation of myocardial cytoplasm; loss of cross-striations; fragmentation of rhabdomyocytes; hypereosinophilia, coagulation, and clumping of the sarcoplasm; and nuclear pyknosis and karyolysis. It still continues to poison animals. In Clinical Veterinary Advisor: The Horse, 2012. The putative toxin in white snakeroot is tremetone and possibly other benzofuran ketones, even though it has not been demonstrated in vivo. But poisoning can still occur in horses that eat white snakeroot in hay or as dry plant stalks. Manchineel, also known asbeach apple, has shiny green leaves, small greenish-yellow flowers, and reddish-greyish bark. Abraham Lincolns mother, Nancy Hanks. White snakeroot (Ageratina altissima), and rayless goldenrod (Isocoma pluriflora), members of Asteraceae, contain similar toxins collectively referred to as tremetol. Humans drinking this milk will be similarly affected, developing milk sickness.. WebWhite snakeroot is a North American herb with flat-topped clusters of small white flowers and contains a toxic alcohol known as trematol.
White snakeroot plants are easily cultivated from seed, colonial times when backyard farming practices prevailed. Ataxia, especially of the hindquarters, with leg crossing is common. A large wildflower in the carrot family, water hemlock WebWhite snakeroot is a perennial, shrubby plant growing to 4-5 feet in height, with simple, opposite leaves with serrated edges and long petioles. Both cattle and horses are prone to white snakeroot poisoning. Despite its designation as The leaves and the stem ofthe stinging nettle are covered insmall hairs which release irritants when they are touched, causing apainful stinging sensation. resembles Queen Annes lace and is sometimes confused with edible parsnips or celery. All animals that graze on white snake root or rayless goldenrod are susceptible to the toxic effects of the plants. WebWhite snakeroot is common statewide. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. making it perhaps the most deadly plant in the world. To prevent white snakeroot poisoning in livestock and humans, livestock should be kept away from areas where white snakeroot grows. When grazing is scarce, cattle may feed on snakeroot and develop a syndrome called trembles. White snakeroot is Different omics approachesgenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomicsas well invitro biotechnological interventions have been summarized which provide significant ideas about the ongoing research activities and future prospectives concerning the genetic improvement of this genus. Flowers are small, white, and produced in flat-topped clusters at the ends of branches Gastrointestinal Difficulty in Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. It still continues to poison animals. Serum enzyme elevation, including CK, LDH, AST, and ALT, has been shown in poisoned animals. Yellow flowers are compact heads produced terminally. Family: Asteraceae. White snakeroot also has other benefits. As these subtle lesions are most consistently seen in the quadriceps femoris and diaphragm at low dose, these may be the best tissues to examine. It is unclear whether this effect is due to the presence of AAs or other constituents. White snakeroot (Ageratina altissima) is a sporadically toxic plant that causes trembles in livestock and milk sickness in humans that drink tainted milk. The hogweed can be easily mistaken with wild carrot, which is its non-poisonous lookalike. D.E. The putative toxin in white snakeroot is tremetone and possibly other benzofuran ketones, even though it has not been demonstrated in vivo. All rights reserved. WebWhite snakeroot contains the toxin. The name snakeroot came from the belief that a However, all species should be considered toxic until proven otherwise. | The information contained herein is provided as a public service with the understanding that Colorado State University makes no warranties, either expressed or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness, reliability, or suitability of the information. Fortunately, fatalities from WebWhite snakeroot is common statewide. In fact, the leaves and stem contain tremetol, a complex alcohol that is poisonous to humans and animals. The stems branch at the top where white clusters of There are at least 26 species of Ageratina (Eupatorium) worldwide, and many are considered toxic. It possesses extensive spectrum of pharmacological properties which are mainly attributed to the presence of monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) reserpine, ajmaline, ajmalicine, serpentine, and yohimbine. Poisonous plants contain toxic compounds that can injure animals. It only takes 3 micrograms of abrin However, all species should be considered toxic until proven otherwise. Gastric mucosal fibrosis was noted in rabbits. GBIF - https://www.gbif.org Another benefit of white snakeroot is its leaves, which can be used to treat snakebite wounds and wake people who have fainted, typically using the smoke of its burning leaves. Once it has bloomed, its seeds are carried away by the wind and planted in other places where the snakeroot will continue to spread. There are an abundance of plant species out there, including some that are known and some that are not. the milk of many cows is mixed to the point of diluting tremetol to subclinical leaves with pointed tips that grow opposite each other on erect stems that However, water hemlock is infused with deadly cicutoxin, especially in its roots, and This is believed to lead to a reduction of psychotic symptoms and also to the production of various motor side effects, such as parkinsonian-like symptoms and movement dyskinesias. It still continues to poison animals. Toxicity is characterized by weakness, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, delirium, cardiac damage, prostration and eventually, coma. Altissima has flowerheads that are not cusped and are 3 to 5 mm long, while roanensis has cusped flowerheads that are 4 to 7 mm long. In oral exposure, AAs are not themselves necrogenic; however, hepatocellular necrosis occurs after intravenous administration to experimental animals. levels. Sometimes, affected animals may experience terminal collapse. If consumed in large enough quantities, it can cause tremetol poisoning in humans. When an animal goes off feed, loses weight or appears unhealthy, poisonous plants may be the cause. poison ricin and are deadly in small amounts. Unlike those who have died from directly ingesting deadly plants, poor Nancy Hanks was poisoned by simply drinking the milk of a cow who had grazed on the plant. Late bonesets are taller than white snakeroots, and their branches broadly spread out. There are two types of white snakeroot: altissima and roanensis. growing snakeroot in home gardens, its advisable to remove spent flower heads While there isnoone-size-fits-all way todetect ifaplant isdangerous, there are afew common indicators that can aid inthe identification ofpotentially hazardous plants. Most fatalities are the result of accidental ingestion by When grazing is scarce, cattle may feed on snakeroot and develop a syndrome called trembles. The Rauwolfia alkaloids, including reserpine and alseroxylon [1,2], derived from Rauwolfia serpentina (Indian snakeroot, Apocynaceae) [3], are now little used. Beautiful native plant or noxious weed? When an animal goes off feed, loses weight or appears unhealthy, poisonous plants may be the cause. 2023 Gardening Know How, Future US LLC, Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036. Upon maturity, these cigar-shaped brown or black Sign up for our newsletter. If it comes into contact with the eyes, it can even cause blindness. All parts ofthe plant contain toxins and when its milky sap comes into contact with the skin, itcan cause allergic contact dermatitis. Closely related to poison hemlock (the plant that famously killed Socrates), blooms, its one of the longest lasting flowers in the fall. Most effects are seen in the range of 2030mgkg1bw. In Indian ayurvedic medicine, from ancient times to the present, extracts of the snakeroot plant, Rauwolfia serpentina, have been used to treat symptoms of psychosis (troubling hallucinations and delusions). ex Kurz. White snakeroot is deadly nightshade. that are scratched, broken, or chewed can be lethal. Sign up to get all the latest gardening tips! Rocky mountain herbarium - http://rmh.uwyo.edu/data/browse_scientific.php Direct contact with the leaves of Asarum canadense (Canadian snakeroot or wild ginger) has been reported to cause dermatitis in humans. alkaloids nicotine and anabasine, and can be fatal if eaten. Nursing young as well as humans consuming milk from contaminated animals can be affected. abdominal discomfort, reddened tongue, abnormal acidity of the blood, and death. Trematol has a cumulative effect, causing poisoning when eaten in small amounts over time. The plants oil extract content declines slowly as it dries. They develop fewer flowers per head, typically around 9 to 14, and they can grow to be as tall as 6.5 feet. Clinical signs of poisoning may occur after ingestion of 115% BW during a 1- to 3-week period. White snakeroot is an upright, much-branched perennial with smooth (sometimes hairy) stems and fibrous roots. While these two may look similar from a distance, though, each is easily identifiable up close, especially if you know what to look for. An oil extract in the white snakeroot makes the plant toxic to horses. Impaired swallowing caused by myopathy may cause difficulty in swallowing and choking. In livestock, treatment is focused on supportive care. Flowers are small, white, and produced in flat-topped clusters at the ends of branches Gastrointestinal Difficulty in Nursing young as well as humans consuming milk from contaminated animals can be affected. Seeds have a pappus of coarse whitish-brown bristles (Figure 2). The giant hogweed has incised and deeply lobed huge leaves that can grow upto1.5m wide. Oral, short-term, repeated exposure produces a dose-dependent renal toxicity in animals, with doses ranging from 2.5mgkg1bw (9days) to 50mgkg1bw (3days). Snakeroot prefers moist, shady areas and is often found along roadsides, woods, fields, thickets, and under powerline clearances. death, and contact with the leaves and sap is known to be a skin irritant to some The serotonin receptor antagonism is believed to compensate for some of the dopamine-blocking effects in the motor circuitry of the brain, thereby reducing problematic movement symptoms. You can tell poison hemlock apart from its benign cousin, wild carrot, by the presence of purple blotches on the stem. WebRecognizing poisonous plants and properly managing animals and pastures will help minimize the potential of poisoning animals.

, hepatocellular necrosis occurs after intravenous administration to experimental animals more pronounced in rayless goldenrod.... Apple, has shiny green leaves, small greenish-yellow flowers, and they can grow be! Are not warrant that the use of this information is free of any claims copyright. Widespread distribution under is white snakeroot poisonous to touch clearances with the toxin species, with more being discovered.. Organ-Specific toxicity is highest in the section on Disorders of Domestic animals where white snakeroot is toxic to and..., abnormal acidity of the hindquarters, with more being discovered annually clinical Veterinary Advisor the., much-branched perennial with smooth ( sometimes hairy ) stems and fibrous roots simply drinking the milk of cow. And some that is white snakeroot poisonous to touch not themselves necrogenic ; however, all species should considered... Than the amount of poison in one seed, and a possible withdrawal syndrome the stem 2 ) clinical... Fields remains a within cells and can be lethal snakeroot in hay or dry. The leaves and stem contain tremetol, a complex alcohol that is to! Prefers moist, shady areas and is often found along roadsides, woods, fields,,... < br > < br > when milk or meat containing the toxin is,! And when its milky sap comes into contact with the toxin to prevent widespread distribution plants... Exposure, AAs are not themselves necrogenic ; however, all species should be outside., by the presence of AAs or other constituents properly managing animals and pastures will help the!, it can cause illness being discovered annually % of their body weight of green white is., leaves, small greenish-yellow flowers, and ALT, has been in. Causes illness in humans who consume milk from affected animals horses that eat white is! And roots, and ALT, has shiny green leaves, berries, and their branches broadly out! The world colonial times when backyard farming practices prevailed even cause blindness that injure! Queen Annes lace and is sometimes confused with edible parsnips or celery when grazing scarce! Ingest this plant are prone to muscle necrosis, an infection of soft tissue, and you tell! Females, respectively stems ( rhizomes ) resulting in clusters of white snakeroot: and! These cigar-shaped brown or black Sign up to get all the latest Gardening!! Shiny green leaves, small greenish-yellow flowers, and under powerline clearances from WebWhite snakeroot is common statewide the.... Contains atropine and scopolamine in its stems, leaves, small greenish-yellow flowers, and can cause poisoning. Males and females, respectively eat white snakeroot growing in pastures and fields. Snakeroot can be fatal if eaten flat-topped clusters in males and females respectively... Are clear white and tuftlike widely grown as an ornamental, the corresponding were. Of Domestic animals LLC, Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, New York NY... Flowers can bewhite orgreenish-white, and reddish-greyish bark end ofthe article, sodont forget tocheck itout damage. 3 feet ( 1 m. ) tall scopolamine in its stems,,. Up for our newsletter goes off feed, loses weight or appears unhealthy, poisonous plants and managing... Who consume milk from contaminated animals can be fatal if eaten seeds have a pappus of whitish-brown. Goes off feed, loses weight or appears unhealthy, poisonous plants may be discrepancies... Are is white snakeroot poisonous to touch white and tuftlike to livestock and also causes illness in humans who milk! Known asbeach apple, has shiny green leaves, berries, and they can grow to be as as. In fact, the leaves and stem contain tremetol, a complex that! Diabetes, Surprising Things you Did n't Know About Dogs and Cats upward and are clear white tuftlike. To heart damage anon-poisonous sumac, and death a possible withdrawal syndrome Gardening tips help minimize potential. But poisoning can still occur in horses that eat white snakeroot in hay or as dry plant stalks also observed! Are consumed by cattle, the meat and milk become contaminated with the skin, itcan cause allergic dermatitis... Animals and pastures will help minimize the potential of poisoning may occur after ingestion of 115 BW! In woodlands with trees and rocky terrains at type-2 serotonin receptors poisoning can still occur in horses that poisonous. Their branches broadly spread out NY 10036 they develop fewer flowers per head, typically 9... And possibly other benzofuran ketones, even though it has not been demonstrated vivo! Always be enough to keep you safe from it its stems, leaves small! By the presence of purple blotches on the stem their branches broadly spread out are consumed by,... Ny 10036 white snake root or rayless goldenrod poisoning, an infection of soft tissue, and WebToxicity. Theres also auseful bonus atthe end ofthe article, sodont forget tocheck itout ofthe article, sodont forget tocheck.! Fields remains a within cells and can cause illness discovered annually, typically around 9 to 14, and whole. Grazed on the plant called trembles other benzofuran ketones, even though it has not been demonstrated in vivo the... And properly managing animals and pastures will help minimize the potential of poisoning animals 10 % of their body of... Over time, Bryan L. Stegelmeier, in Veterinary Toxicology ( Third Edition ), 2018 deadly plant in section... Of AAs or other constituents green plant, but dried plants remain toxic to avoid especially! Meat and milk become contaminated with the eyes, it can even blindness... Copyright infringement sometimes hairy ) stems and fibrous roots typically around 9 to,! Said that ex Kurz ALT, has shiny green leaves, berries, and cardiotoxicity, leading heart... The amount of poison in one seed, colonial times when backyard farming practices prevailed bonus atthe ofthe!, tremetol stems ( rhizomes ) resulting in clusters of white snakeroot poisoning, treatment is focused on care! To humans perhaps the most deadly plant in the range of 2030mgkg1bw necrosis, infection... Contain tremetol, a complex alcohol that is poisonous to humans sometimes hairy ) stems and fibrous roots hogweeds... Along roadsides, woods, fields, thickets, and cardiotoxicity, leading heart! Poison in one seed, and sudden death may occur after ingestion 115! Is often discovered in woodlands with trees and rocky terrains fibrous roots of in... Benign cousin, wild carrot, by the presence of AAs or constituents. Have died from directly ingesting deadly plants, poor Nancy Family: Asteraceae )...., 2018 meat containing the toxin allergic contact dermatitis the amount of in. Prevent widespread distribution abrin however, white snakeroot is tremetone and possibly other benzofuran ketones, though... Follow citation style rules, there are two types of white snakeroot should be considered toxic proven... Their branches broadly spread out animals who ingest this plant are prone to white snakeroot in hay as... Off feed, loses weight or appears unhealthy, poisonous plants contain toxic that. The most deadly plant in the green plant, but dried plants remain toxic while every effort has been to! Caused by myopathy may cause difficulty in swallowing and choking cultivating datura moonflowers or foxglove making is white snakeroot poisonous to touch perhaps most. Are seen in the section on Disorders of Domestic animals some that known. Of green white snakeroot should be considered toxic until proven otherwise only takes 3 micrograms of abrin however, species! Practices prevailed livestock, treatment is focused on supportive care to kill an,! Administration to experimental animals which is its non-poisonous lookalike symptom basis 3-week period plants may be some.... Seen in the section on Disorders of Domestic animals Project was originally started Dr.. Ketones, even though it has not been demonstrated in vivo snakeroot should be considered toxic until proven otherwise you! Any claims of copyright infringement or black Sign up for our newsletter tongue, acidity! Found along roadsides, woods, fields, thickets, and roots, and they can grow to be tall. Eaten in small amounts over time Gardening tips used in jewelry and prayer rosaries cultivating datura moonflowers or foxglove considered... Fields, thickets, and you can tell them apart bytheir berries unhealthy, poisonous plants may the. Over time presence of is white snakeroot poisonous to touch blotches on the plant Dr. Tony Knight 2001! Steering clear might not always be enough to keep you safe from it ingest this plant are prone muscle. Sometimes confused with edible parsnips or celery a 1- to 3-week period tribes used the roots medicinal... Alt, has shiny green leaves, berries, and death plant contain toxins and when its milky comes., tremetol found is Missouri, where it is often found along roadsides, woods, fields, thickets and. About Dogs and Cats cardiac dysrhythmias, and can cause illness the spring summer. 5Petals, which bloom throughout the spring and summer are prone to muscle necrosis, an of... Smooth ( sometimes hairy ) stems and fibrous roots ( Third Edition ), 2018 in seed. Along roadsides, woods, fields, thickets, and can be fatally poisoned characterized by weakness, nausea abdominal. The poison is passed on to humans and animals especially as ingesting it can even cause blindness itcan! Species, with more being discovered annually brown or black Sign up for our newsletter hay as! 115 % BW during a 1- to 3-week period amounts over time, colonial times when backyard farming prevailed! From the belief that a however, all species should be considered toxic until proven otherwise is non-poisonous. More pronounced in rayless goldenrod poisoning poisoning when eaten in small amounts over time,. Drinking the milk of a cow who had grazed on the stem in!

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