The gendered nature of risk factors for delinquency. Interviews suggest that many incarcerated mothers have attachment disorders and struggle to find security in their emotional bonds with their own children.

Smyth, J. Women of reproductive age may experience pregnancy and mothering in a correctional environment designed for men. Imprisoned womens maternal experiences before and during confinement and their postrelease expectations. Many women in North Carolina talked about the MATCH program an acronym for Mothers and their Children; no similar program existed in Florida. We incarcerate to set free: Negotiating punishment and rehabilitation in jail. Nobody's child: The role of trauma and interpersonal violence in women's pathways to incarceration and resultant service needs. Where does your state stand on shackling of pregnant incarcerated women? [We need to] have better support for women with children while they are getting help, like childcare. In Making Trouble (pp. Finally, mothers suggested that capitalizing on the mothering role might be a potent mechanism for change, especially as related to substance use disorder treatment. This sentiment was strongest among women who indicated that after failing to access community-based substance use or sheltering programs, they returned to a problematic (typically male) intimate partner and were subsequently prosecuted as a co-conspirator or accomplice to his crimes. Mothers spoke of how they prioritized their children, even when that meant risking their own autonomy and freedoms. Kennedy, S. C., Mennicke, A. M., Feely, M., & Tripodi, S. J. This Mothers Day as the COVID-19 pandemic continues to put people behind bars at risk nearly 150,000 incarcerated mothers will spend the day apart Houck, K. D., & Loper, A. Other mothers noted that they chose to manage their mental health and substance use disorder symptoms on their own so that they could continue caring for their children. Recommendations include infusing mothering and caretaking responsibilities into the sentencing process and exploring the intersection of race, gender, class, and mothering status on criminalized behavior. Southern California Review of Law and Womens Studies, 2, 1152. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. The vast majority of these women are mothers more than 80% of incarcerated women have at least one child (Swavola, Riley, & Subramanian, 2016). The Rebecca Project for Human Rights. Thompson, P. J., & Harm, N. J. Specifically, we aim to understand the health impacts of mothering prior to incarceration and during custody as a means to incorporate mothering into prevention and intervention efforts to improve their health and well-being and ensure the healthy development of their children and families.

A decision was made to refer to the mothers in the sample by participant number rather than by pseudonyms as the sample was quite large for a qualitative analysis and we were concerned that our choice of pseudonym (without participant input) would add an unnecessary layer of bias for readers. I tried to get into a shelter, but it was separate from my kids. The man who killed a Cattaraugus County woman more than 20 years ago is set to walk free from prison Wednesday, March 29th. As participant 93, a Black and Native American mother, said, Now that Im incarcerated, I can see things for what they are, I have a choice to not repeat the cycle. When free means losing your mother: The collision of child welfare and the incarceration of women in New York State. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 18421848. Children of incarcerated parents may struggle with If I had gotten drug counseling when I needed it, I feel I wouldnt have ended up here. According to a Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, nearly 66,000 mothers were parenting 150,000 children from their prison cells in 2007, and thats not even counting women in county jails. Women who face incarceration experience stigma and bias from a variety of criminal justice actors (e.g., law enforcement, judges, lawyers, and juries; e.g., Tetlow, 2009). Washington, D.C.: Womens Prison Association. His mother, Linda Bruntmyer, testified in June of 2005 before the National Prison Rape Elimination Mothers indicated that in order to save themselves, they had to sacrifice their children something the mothers in the sample simply could not do. Once mothers become embroiled in emergency service systems, they must balance survival and child rearing with the demands placed on them by a range of government programs and policies including probation, welfare, or child and family services (Ferraro & Moe, 2003). The GPP explores the social and psychological realities unique to the female experience and identifies womens pathways into the criminal justice system. Jbara, A. E. (2012). Interviews were conducted with a sample of incarcerated mothers. Critical Criminology, 20, 359375. impact of victimization in the lives of incarcerated women. In many cases, mothers were trapped between two terrifying decisions, and they were aware that both choices would lead directly to terrible outcomes. nottingham greyhound racing fixtures; emma sophocleous eastenders character; mothers of incarcerated share their pain; Mitigating the ill effects of maternal incarceration on women in prison and their children. Weblamar county obituaries. Carlson, J. R. (2018). California Privacy Statement, Correspondence to Washington, D. C.: National Womens Law Center. Shackling pregnant women poses serious health risks to both mother and baby, but most incarcerated women in the U.S. are not protected from this dangerous practice. DeepDyve's default query mode: search by keyword or DOI. She spoke of waiting until he fell asleep and sitting in the darkness with the gun aimed at his head. She drove her boyfriend and their infant child to a store; her boyfriend entered the store alone, then robbed and murdered the employees.

When the participant had finished responding to the prompt, the interviewer read the comments back to her, allowing her an opportunity to edit, alter, add to, or rescind any comments. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 15, 206219. Asberg, K., & Renk, K. (2013). Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The Role of Stressful Life Events and Cultural Factors on Criminal Thinking Among African American Women Involved in the Criminal Justice System. She was serving 14years for 2nd degree murder she killed her partner when she discovered he was sexually abusing her children. Interviews were conducted with a sample Many of the mothers we interviewed had experienced intimate partner violence in the months leading up to their incarceration, some of which was so severe that women had been hospitalized to treat their injuries. (2008). Hoffman, H. C., Byrd, A. L., & Kightlinger, A. M. (2011). (n.d.). The purpose of this project was to explore the experiences of mothering before and during incarceration using womens own words and to examine how mothering intersects with incarcerated mothers health and health outcomes. Nursing for Women's Health, 22(1), 1723. Analyses were conducted by two independent coders, each of whom interviewed women as part of the primary study. Poehlmann, J. Brunch is over. SAGE. Mothers also framed their engagement in other criminalized behaviors, even violent crime, in the context of mothering. Ferraro, K., & Moe, A. (2018). Belknap, J., & Holsinger, K. (2006). Kennedy, S. C., & Mennicke, A. M. (2018). First, the current study did have mothering as an eligibility criterion for participation; women were randomly selected for participation from the census at three state-level prisons. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 32(1), 940 https://doi.org/10.1177/089124160223893. Additionally, eight mothers (20%) were serving at least one life sentence, with three mothers reporting more than a life sentence (e.g., multiple life sentences, or a life sentence plus additional years). However, growing up without a mother has consequences. Families left behind: The hidden costs of incarceration and reentry. Further, although didactic parent-education programs exist in many jails and prisons, prior research suggests that these programs fail to comprehensively address the role of incarceration on mothering and children (Aiello, 2016; Brown, 2012; Loper & Tuerk, 2006) and use mothering as a vehicle to blame and shame women for the choices or mistakes they made prior to coming to prison. Fedock, G. (2018). However, mothers described that they felt compelled to act because they connected the pain of not acting to either dying or watching as their children were hurt physically or emotionally. Casey-Acevedo, K., Bakken, T., & Karle, A. Luke, K. P. (2002). (2000). We also do not want to reinforce the covert (or overt) message that there is one correct way to mother often reflective of White, middle-class depictions of mothering (Brown, 2012; Rich, 1995; Chesney-Lind, 2006). Additionally, the prompt did not specifically ask women to reflect on their mothering identities, needs as mothers, or their children. Albany: State University of New York Press. A strength of the current study is that we interviewed women positioned at multiple stations within the criminal justice system, ranging from women at minimum custody serving their first 90days for violating the terms of their probation to women at close custody serving life sentences. Consensus was achieved about both the codes and the themes they represented. I had to sacrifice my freedom to get free. This theme was particularly strong as mothers discussed their attempts to access domestic violence sheltering services to escape an abusive partner. Although the authors, as well as most of the mothers we interviewed, acknowledged that many of their decisions were far from ideal, the context of womens criminal offending was illuminating. Additionally, we report the race, current charges, and relevant criminal justice system history for each mother identified. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39, 10631074. After completing a structured interview, women were asked two open-ended questions about how their childhood experiences affected their life trajectory and how we could better help women like them. We are grateful to all of the incarcerated women who provided us with their time and expertise. Participant 113, a Black mother, spoke about moving to a lower security honor grade facility so that she could have access to betterment programs and gain more privileges, but this move meant that she had to sacrifice her spot in MATCH. Incarcerated mothers contextually framed crime as protecting and providing for children and identified community-based and in-prison service gaps. It is possible that mothers who did not volunteer this information could have divergent themes from the ones presented herein, although our analysis is reflective of others which purposively sampled incarcerated mothers (e.g., Aiello & McQueeney, 2016; Barnes & Stringer, 2014; Mignon & Ransford, 2012; Moe & Ferraro, 2006). New York: W.W Norton & Company. Columbia Journal of Gender and Law, 11, 38407. Therefore, criminalized behavior is often entangled with the lack of health insurance and childcare, and the difficulty of weighing the cost of childcare against the potential salary of low-wage jobs (Ferraro & Moe, 2003). Role strain and incarcerated mothers. In some cases, this need to protect their children pushed mothers to violence or extreme behavior. SCK contributed to the analysis and drafted the literature review and methodology sections. He said he will always be happy with who he is from now on, no matter the mistakes he has made. Children's experiences of maternal incarceration-specific risks: Predictions to psychological maladaptation. Protection and care, for some mothers, extended beyond providing food and shelter, and included ensuring that children were physically safe in their environments. The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Feminist Criminology, 9(1), 323 https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085113504450. 10589). She said. Huebner, B. M., & Gustafson, R. (2007). Little is known about how incarcerated mothers make meaning of their parenting role and relationship with their children prior to incarceration and during custody. In sharing our thoughts around Mothers Day, we hope to brighten the day of despondent Women & Criminal Justice, 26(2), 7798. (2013). Motherhood mystique. Incarcerated mothers, therefore, are subjected to additional layers of scrutiny and judgment; they are framed not simply as criminals or deviants, but as selfish, thoughtless women who made reckless decisions which did not preference their children or honor their duty as mothers (Allen et al., 2010; Berry & Eigneberg, 2003; Chesney-Lind, 2017; Moe & Ferraro, 2006). Richie, B. The Relationship Between Interpersonal Victimization and Womens Criminal Sentencing: A Latent Class Analysis.

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Compelled to crime: The gender entrapment of battered, black women. Woven throughout these narratives was the foundational notion of wanting to do more and be more as a mother and a person, for their children and because of their children. New York: Oxford University Press. Allen, S., Flaherty, C., & Ely, G. (2010). In an exclusive interview with News4 Investigates, the mothers gathered around a table at the NAACP office, each with different stories, but a united mission: bringing awareness to what they feel is medical mistreatment behind bars. British Journal of Criminology, 43, 354378. We chose not to report participant age to ensure anonymity for each mother. Mothers in prison. 155176). For example, as there are simply fewer womens prisons than mens prisons, women are incarcerated, on average, approximately 160miles away from home (Travis, McBride, & Solomon, 2005). Therefore, the policies which keep children from their mother during her incarceration or terminate her parental rights as a function of that incarceration, need to be examined in the context of the health and wellness of those children. For parents, this means that part of their punishment is being physically and emotionally separated from their children. For example, participant 1, a White mother, was serving her third adult incarceration for drug crimes. Fuentes, C. M. (2014). Berry, P. E., & Eigneberg, H. M. (2003). Feminist Criminology, 2(4), 304326. Restricted motherhood: Parenting in a prison nursery. Typically, the focus is on the needs of children of incarcerated parents (e.g., Aiello & Mccorkel,2018; Dallaire et al., 2015; Huebner & Gustafson, 2007) or the identification and treatment of mental health, substance use disorder, or physical health deficits of incarcerated women more broadly (e.g., Kennedy et al., 2016; Messina & Grella, 2006). Parent-child visiting practices in prisons and Jails: A synthesis of research and practice. To subscribe to email alerts, please log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you dont already have one. Columbia Social Work Review Retrieved from https://cswr.columbia.edu/article/dual-punishment-incarcerated-mothers-and-their-children/. 2023 DeepDyve, Inc. All rights reserved. Family Relations, 56(5), 440453. Ive stressed so long; all I do is stress. Life Before I Killed the Man That Raped Me: Pre-Prison Life Experiences of Incarcerated Women With Life Sentences and Subsequent Treatment Needs. Many described foregoing substance use disorder treatment because they were unable to bring their children or identify suitable childcare. The Prison Journal, 96(1), 79101. Van Voorhis, P., Salisbury, E. J., Wright, E. M., & Bauman, A. mothers of incarcerated share their pain. Incarcerated mothers and fathers: A comparison of risks for children and families. The implications of these findings for understanding female criminality and breaking the so-called cycle of crime are discussed. Mothers with no available kinship care arrangements and sentences in excess of 15months may never be able to regain custody of their children again; in extreme cases, they may not even be given information on where their children are placed, thus effectively severing all future contact (Women in Prison Project of the Correctional Association of New York, 2006). Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics. I just want to be a better parent to my kids. She was serving 3 years for larceny and drug possession and she had a long history of arrests and incarcerations related to drug addiction. Examining external support received in prison and concerns about reentry among incarcerated women. These entanglements may include being coerced to use or sell drugs, forced to engage in prostitution, or may have resulted in women murdering their abusive partner (DeHart et al., 2014; Fedock, 2018; Pollack et al., 2006; Stark, 2007). Women & Criminal Justice, 21, 198224. Social Work in Public Health, 27(12), 6988. Of woman born: Motherhood as experience and institution. More than half of incarcerated womens children live with a grandparent; only a quarter live with their fathers during the mothers custody (Johnson & Waldfogel, 2004). On the other hand, infrequent visitation strains the mother-child relationship and is linked to in-prison behavior infractions, which, in turn, directly result in the suspension of visitation privileges and, in some cases, the termination of ones eligibility for visitation programs altogether (Casey-Acevedo et al., 2004). The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 37, 418430 https://doi.org/10.1375/acri.37.3.418. Chesney-Lind, M. (2006). For children whose mothers are currently in jail or prison, Mothers Day is likely to be marked by absence, powerlessness, and pain.

As participant 11, a Native American mother, put it, I tried to get help for domestic violence, but I couldnt get help for being a felon. Further they noted how the domestic violence sheltering system often placed age and gender restrictions on which children a woman could bring into shelter with her. Part of

Recommendations include infusing mothering and caretaking responsibilities into the sentencing process and exploring the intersection of race, gender, class, and mothering status on criminalized behavior. Then, data were engaged in a line-by-line, case-by-case fashion. Help parents understand that addiction is a family

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