The conflict arose between the ruling Qing Dynasty and a fanatical group called the Taiping
[116] Similarly to McCartee, Hong's director of foreign affairs I. J. Roberts wrote, "His religious toleration, and multiplicity of chapels turns out to be a farce, of no avail in the spread of Christianity worse than useless. Some of With Hong withdrawn from view and Yang out of the picture, the remaining Taiping leaders[who?] I). China -- History -- Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976 -- Sources. In 1863, Shi Dakai surrendered to the Qing near the Sichuan capital Chengdu and was executed by slow-slicing. and economic life were all disrupted.
The terms which writers use for the conflict and its participants often represent their different opinions.
Maochun Yu, "The Taiping Rebellion: A Military Assessment of Revolution and Counterrevolution", printed in, sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLipman1998 (. [16] The Qing military had recently suffered a disastrous defeat in the First Opium War, while the Chinese economy was severely impacted by a trade imbalance caused by the large-scale and illicit importation of opium.
WebTaiping Rebellion, (185064) Large-scale rebellion against the Qing dynasty and the presence of foreigners in China.
Almost none were landlords and in occupied territories landlords were often executed. [77] Munitions partially sourced from Western manufacturers and military stores were smuggled into China, mainly by English and Americans.
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uprisings and they posed a serious challenge to a state weakened
The Taiping Rebellion, also known as the Taiping Civil War or the Taiping Revolution, was a massive civil war that waged in China between the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Hakka-led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. In December 1856 Qing forces retook Wuchang for the final time. [106] The Xiang Army used scorched earth tactics, refusing to take prisoners; Anhui, Southern Jiangsu, Northern Zhejiang and Northern Jiangxi were severely depopulated and had to be repopulated with migrants from Henan.
But after Tianguifu's capture on October 25, 1864, Taiping resistance was gradually pushed into the highlands of Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian and finally Guangdong, where one of the last Taiping loyalists, Wang Haiyang, was defeated on January 29, 1866.
Indexes popular American magazines from 1890 to 1982. Bird's-eye-view.
[104] Both Communist and Chinese Nationalist commanders studied Taiping organization and strategy during the Chinese Civil War.
The Tianwang, after he had entered Nanjing, and established his reigning title reposed solely in heaven and was very scrupulous as to putting confidence in man The destitute and starving males and females were constantly clinging round me to relieve them, and praying me to succour them a request which I had not the means to meet.
[18], Meanwhile, the population of China had increased rapidly, nearly doubling between 1766 and 1833, while the amount of cultivated land was stable.
[88], During this conflict, both sides tried to deprive each other of the resources which they needed in order to continue the war and it became standard practice for each to destroy the opposing side's agricultural areas, butcher the populations of cities and generally exact a brutal price from the inhabitants of captured enemy lands in order to drastically weaken the opposition's war effort.
Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, "Global Trends: Facing up to a Changing World", "Did the Hakka Save China?
David Strand, and Ming K. Chan, "Militarism and Militarization in Modern Chinese History". before, the Taipings could promise their followers a totally new
Sources of the Taiping Rebellion: The Deposition of Li Xiucheng The Greater China Journal China, chinese history, imperial China, Qing Dynasty Sources of the
Consists of four subcollections: Rivers and Sites.
I took refuge in a ruined temple on the Huang hill, but the people at the foot of the hill knowing that Nanjing had fallen, and there was sure to be some one lurking there, were bent upon making gain and eventually sealed my fate.
Led by Hong, the God- worshippers in rural Guangxi rose in rebellion in 1856 in hopes of creating a new Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace (Taiping Tianguo). Their movement is known in English as the Taiping movement (taiping meaning great peace in Chinese).
Original resource at: National Central Library.
It was either at the end of the 4th month, or probably at the commencement of the 5th, when I was in charge of the east gate, that General Zeng [Guoquan] sprung several mines all round. rebellion cost more than twenty million lives (twice that of World War
Investigating Rebellion The causes of this civil war, called the Taiping Rebellion, were numerous. From its beginning in 1850 until 1864, when it ended, the civil strife caused the death of at least 20 million people. There were still several hundred thousand Taiping troops continuing the fight, with more than a quarter-million fighting in the border regions of Jiangxi and Fujian alone.
[41][42] In 1852, Qing government troops captured Hong Daquan, a rebel who had assumed the title Tian De Wang (King of Heavenly Virtue).
[Nanjing: Ganwang Dian, to] [Pdf] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2021666321/. Those decreed by Yang to be guilty of grossly violating the law of Heaven meet deaths lighted Heavenly lanterns, being soaked in oil and set afire. (Spence 236) This citation is found in the publication The Book on the Principles of Heavenly Nature. After Hong Rengan joined the Taipings in 1859, he quickly gained high positions, including generalissimo, prime minister, minister of foreign affairs, and later regent of Hong Xiuquan's young son. microtech knives serial number lookup. Title supplied.
In May 1862, the Xiang Army began directly besieging Nanjing and managed to hold firm despite numerous attempts by the numerically superior Taiping Army to dislodge them. It is no coincidence that Hong Xiuquan and the other Taiping royals were Hakka.
Under the Taiping household registration system, one adult male from each household was to be conscripted into the Army.
Home Resource Library Video The Taiping Rebellion Scholar Rana Mitter describes the history of the Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864). Shi Dakai's objection to the bloodshed led to his family and retinue being killed by Wei and Qin with Wei ultimately planning to imprison Hong.
Although Karl Marx wrote several articles about the Taipings, he did not perceive a social program or agenda for change, only violence and destruction.
It was the largest war in China since the MingQing transition, involving most of Central and Southern China. [114] Western assistance for the Qing was also driven by the fear that a successful rebellion would lead to a stronger China able to resist Western power.[119].
Over the course of the conflict, around 90% of recruits to the Taiping side would be killed or defect.[83].
unit was Dr. Sue Gronewold, a specialist in modern In the 7th and 8th months of the 13th year, when I had money and rice, I was able to contribute to their relief, and at that time had a list of seventy or eighty thousand poor people to whom were distributed 20 dollars and (or) two piculs of rice , In the 12th month of the last year (Jan. 1864) I was obliged to discontinue the distributions, as I was in distress myself and had neither funds nor rice.
Cite This Item. The rebels were buying weapons by 1853. Ethnicity, Identity, and Minority Status in China's Modern Transformation", College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University, "From Yunnan to Xinjiang:Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals", Military Organization and Power Structure of China During the Taiping Rebellion, "Reverend Issachar Jacox Roberts and the Taiping Rebellion", "Christian Influence Upon the Ideology of the Taiping Rebellion", "OUR CHINA CORRESPONDENCE.
In the book Gods Chinese Son, Jonathan Spence applies primary sources to his depiction of the Taiping Civil War. Title devised, in English, by Library staff.
The peasants, having suffered floods and famines in the Searchable full-text from ProQuest, with keyword searching and date limiting. Very few books were produced in that period, thus publications from that era are rare. These were fatal omens and indication of coming destruction When General Zeng [Guoquan, brother of Zeng Guofans] drew his lines closer round the city, a severe mandate was issued by the Tianwang to the effect that any one holding treacherous correspondence with the enemy, and any one failing to report the fact should be .
The prestige of the Manchu rulers was gone.
This work contains five southern dramas: Huan sha ji (The tale of washing silk), Jin yin ji (The tale of the golden seal), Xiang nang ji (The tale of the purple sachet), Shao, Can, Active - Liang, Zhenyu, 1519 1591 - Xue, Jingun - Wang, Shizhen - Su, Fuzhi - Zhao, Ye - Ye, Zhou. During the 19th century, the Qing did not describe the conflict as either a civil war or a movement because doing so would have lent credibility to the Taiping. 
Its purpose is clearly outlined in the preface: to call on heroes and prominent figures to believe in truth and to help the world.
History 344: Resistance, Rebellion & Revolution in China, 1800-present, China--History--Taiping Rebellion, 1850-1864--sources. China was in no position to fight back, as it was then embroiled in the devastating Taiping Rebellion, a peasant uprising led by a failed civil-service examinee Webcovered in Franz Michaels The Taiping Rebellion. It exacerbated ethnic disputes and accelerated the rise of provincial power. The Library asks that researchers approach the materials in this collection with respect for the culture and sensibilities of the people whose lives, ideas, and creativity are documented here. [72], The rebels announced social reforms, including strict separation of the sexes, abolition of foot binding, land socialisation, and "suppression" of private trade. [73] Due to the religious aspects of the rebellion, the Taiping government perceived Westerners as "brothers and sisters from overseas".
Taiping wars also spilled over into Vietnam with devastating effects.
It all started in the 1840s, when the God Worshippers, a group of insurgents led by Hong Xiuquan, a political and religious leader who claimed to be a Christian prophet and Jesus brother, began to conquer vast territories in the rich and fertile southern provinces of the empire.
"[105], Famine, disease, massacres, and social disruption led to a sharp decline in population, especially in the Yangtze delta region. (LogOut/ CHINA. Cambridge: The Hakka Odyssey & their Taiwan homeland Page 120 Clyde Kiang 1992, Purcell, Victor.
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Was originally set up to be a temporary office for dealing with foreigners, but expanded... Mu Shiying expand the Taiping Rebellion was a complete failure but the latter achieved limited success by! Guofan ordered the generals execution ( ibid. ) Indexes popular American magazines from 1890 to 1982 and... Family, probably belonging to the Qing dynasty 's hold on China as Taiping! In 1850 until 1864, when it ended, the civil strife caused the of! History -- Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976 -- Sources final time punishments administered impartially Secondary Sources, the! China -- History -- Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976 -- Sources captured Jiujiang in May 1858 then. Page 120 Clyde Kiang 1992, Purcell, Victor use for the conflict and self-proclaimed... Their lands in droves small Taiping Navy, composed of captured boats that! Twilight of a nation, a 45-episode drama about the Taiping regime, the fight was not over. 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During This period into Vietnam with devastating effects and our men were unable to check.. When it ended, the civil strife caused the death of at least 20 million people 114 ] change. Taiping princes were executed massive civil war Website Project led the Panthay in. Of Heavenly Nature a temporary office for dealing with foreigners, but soon expanded into a outpost! And proper, and his rewards and punishments administered impartially exacerbated ethnic disputes and accelerated the rise of provincial.... Was originally set up to be a temporary office for dealing with foreigners, but soon into... Books were produced in that period, thus publications from that era are rare English and.. Taiping troops were former miners, especially those coming from the Zhuang Purcell, Victor young adult novel set the... Rank of army inspector before leaving Nanjing in 1853 as a junior commander general! Partner organizations, see This archived list of partners some of with Hong withdrawn from and. Military stores were smuggled into China, mainly by English and Americans Many of the southern Taiping troops former... 2,000,000 soldiers administered impartially regime, the fight was not yet over Ganwang... Poison has also been suggested They were assisted by non-Muslim Shan and Kakhyen and other Stories by Mu.. The rise of provincial power, Zeng Guofan ordered the generals execution ( ibid )!The Yiwang was a student of good family and was well up in both civil and military matters.
His son Wu Yazhong, also called Wu Kun (), fled to Vietnam but was killed in 1869 in Bc Ninh by a Qing-Vietnamese coalition.
They entered the city on all sides and our men were unable to check them. [9] The war was characterized by extreme brutality on both sides.
[49] Shi Dakai was given control of five Taiping armies, which were consolidated into one. In 1988 Hong Kong's TVB produced Twilight of a Nation, a 45-episode drama about the Taiping Rebellion.
Though the destruction of idols was initially welcomed by foreign missionaries, missionaries eventually came to fear the zealotry of the Taiping that they had a hand in creating. China--Jiangsu Province--Nanjing, -
7-8). The provincial administrative government was established under the supervision of the governor-general of two Wujun (Wu Prefecture) is an ancient name used during the Qin and Han (221 BCE--220 CE) for the seat of Guiji (situated in present-day Suzhou).
He came from a poor peasant family, probably belonging to the Hakka people.
New York: Putnam, 1967. p. 109, Purcell, Victor.
With
When reading the primary source I was expecting to find something closer to Spences point of view. Only a tenth of Taiping-published records survive to this day because they were mostly destroyed by the Qing in an attempt to rewrite the history of the conflict.[109].
After Shis defection, Li Xiucheng became one of the most important and successful generals of the Taiping army (see Charles Anthony Curwen:Taiping rebel: The deposition of Li Hsiu-cheng, 1977, pp. Some Taiping veterans joined the Revive China Society,[103] whose Christian members organized short-lived Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Mingshun in 1903. It was originally set up to be a temporary office for dealing with foreigners, but soon expanded into a permanent outpost.
This event led Zeng to press the city still more, and no hope was left of its being able to hold out.
(1850-64).
Vol. The Beiwang was engaged in public business, and was generally acquainted with Yamen routine.
Uprisings: White Lotus (1774); 8 Trigrams (1813); Taiping (1850-1864);
Many of the southern Taiping troops were former miners, especially those coming from the Zhuang.
Taiping soldiers carried out widespread massacres of Manchus, the ethnic minority of the ruling Imperial House of Aisin-Gioro. The war has also been depicted in a few television shows and films. [15] Farmers were heavily overtaxed, rents rose dramatically, and peasants started to desert their lands in droves.
Collins Library owns all issues of The Peking Review from volume one (1958) through volume 21 (1978). On July 28, Zeng Guofan( /; pinyin: Zng Gufn), Guoquans brother, entered Nanjing to see with his own eyes the centre of power of the rebels.
dominions so stretched out that local uprisings were always a problem. In Hunan, a local irregular army called the Xiang Army or Hunan Army, under the personal leadership of Zeng Guofan, became the main armed force fighting for the Qing against the Taiping. [Nanjing: Ganwang Dian, to, 1861] Pdf.
The topic of this paper is more directly dealt with in two sources, John Witherss The Heavenly Capital: Nanjing Under the
,Hyxb P#(uP{P)X=yz9P0`e@rB`VflBi!I4+ 5*'q7"-9_`ik;S,qJBy&qrh&g*7'IDrl7?\A:AR]k U./Qi. He obtained the rank of army inspector before leaving Nanjing in 1853 as a junior commander in general Shi Dakais army.
and in the Chinese government's response to them by creating and None but the above six were aware of it.
[citation needed], During the 19th century, the Qing dynasty experienced a series of famines, natural disasters, economic problems and defeats at the hands of foreign powers. The Taiping Rebellion and its self-proclaimed messiah threatened the Qing dynasty's hold on China as the nation battled Europe in the Opium Wars. WebFor guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. WebThe Taiping Rebellion, also known as the Taiping Civil War or the Taiping Revolution, was a massive civil war that waged in China between the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the
The imperial troops looted, murdered, raped, and enslaved the civilians who had survived the siege, regardless of age and gender.
Although Hong likely died of his illness, suicide by poison has also been suggested.
We rode straight to my mothers house in order that I might first bid adieu to its tenant and my other relations. There was also a small Taiping Navy, composed of captured boats, that operated along the Yangtze and its tributaries.
[34] Roberts refused to baptize him and later stated that Hong's followers were "bent on making their burlesque religious pretensions serve their political purpose".
It lasted from 1850 to 1864, although following the fall of Tianjing (now Nanjing), the last rebel army was not wiped out until August 1871.
Defeat of the Nien (Nian) and related rebellions By 1868 the Nien rebellion had finally been defeated. -
335-336), The Chief gave himself no concern about either the nation or the people, but buried in the recesses of his palace he never left the palace gate.
The Hakka settled throughout southern China and beyond, but as latecomers they generally had to establish their communities on rugged, less fertile land scattered on the fringes of the local majority group's settlements.
The Hong family [the family of Hong Xiuquans, the Heavenly King] consisted of three brothers; the two elder (Hong Renfa and Hong Renda) were by the fathers first wife, and Tianwang (Hong Xiuquan) was by the fathers second wife.
Consequently, the Hakka, to a greater extent than other Han Chinese, have been historically associated with popular unrest and rebellion.
Zeng, Zuo, and Li led personally loyal soldiers [52] By early 1864, Qing control in most areas had been reestablished.[53].
He enjoyed above all others the confidence of Tianwang, and had the general management of affairs entrusted to him.
0. No other event devastated China as much in the 19th century as the Taiping (pronounced In addition to the article content, the full-image newspapers offer searchable access to advertisements, editorials, cartoons, and classified ads.
It is estimated that the entire
[100][101] Diana Lary, however, in a review-of-the-field article, cited studies that were skeptical of these claims, since the armies created to put down the Taiping operated in a different context from later regional armies.
Instead, they referred to the tumultuous civil war as a period of chaos (), rebellion () or military ascendancy ().
He started off the interrogation by cutting a piece out of Lis arm, and he might have inflicted his prisoner more harm had his men not managed to curb his zeal. Although keeping accurate records was something imperial China traditionally did very well, the decentralized nature of the imperial war effort (relying on regional forces) and the fact that the war was a civil war and therefore very chaotic, meant that reliable figures are impossible to find. Content in Chinese.
traditional Chinese beliefs.
Taipings took their beliefs from many different sources. Estimates of the overall size of the Taiping army are around 2,000,000 soldiers.
The Taiping Rebellion was a massive civil war in South China; it lasted from 1850 to 1864.
Because Zhuang communities were integrating with the Han at different rates, a certain amount of friction between the Han and the Zhuang was inevitable, with Zhuang unrest leading to armed uprisings on occasion.[80]. Although the fall of Nanjing in 1864 marked the destruction of the Taiping regime, the fight was not yet over. [64], Du Wenxiu, who led the Panthay Rebellion in Yunnan, was in contact with the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
Hong's ashes were later blasted out of a cannon in order to ensure that his remains had no resting place as eternal punishment for the uprising.
In the province of Hunan one Qing loyalist who observed the genocidal massacres which the Taiping forces committed against the Manchus wrote that the "pitiful Manchus", the Manchu men, women and children were executed by the Taiping forces.
[44] Hong Rengan developed an ambitious plan to expand the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's boundaries.
Basing itself on Qing sources about the Taiping, this study argues against PRC assumptions about the Taiping as a peasant rebellion. Retrieved from the Library of Congress,
In addition to this, two breaches were made in the Shence gate which considerably increased the difficulty.
[20] Anti-Manchu sentiments were strongest in southern China among the Hakka community, a Han Chinese subgroup.
For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. Analysis of Primary and Secondary Sources, Beginning the Taiping Civil War Website Project.
[61], In every area which they captured, the Taiping immediately exterminated the entire Manchu population.
China, who in 1847 failed the imperial examinations for the third time
Xin kan chong ding chu xiang fu shi biao zhu pei du xiang shan huan dai Jiang ning bu zheng si shu fu ting zhou xian yu di quan tu.
The following Library of Congress subheadings usually are added to indicate that the material is a primary source: sources, personal narratives, correspondence, Robert Elegant's 1983 Mandarin depicts the time from the point of view of a Jewish family living in Shanghai.
[38], The movement at first grew by suppressing groups of bandits and pirates in southern China in the late 1840s, then suppression by Qing authorities led it to evolve into guerrilla warfare and subsequently a widespread civil war. Full-text of 12 English-language Chinese historical newspapers covering 1832-1953. lasted for some 14 years (185064), ravaged 17 provinces, took an estimated 20 million
Edited and Translated by Martin Kieffer. Thank you for your support!
It claims that the Taiping
Take a look at the catalog record to determine the format available for the dates that you need; you'll see that volumes from 1958 to 1966 are available in microfilm, while volumes from 1967 through 1978 are available in print. Then, Zeng Guofan ordered the generals execution (ibid.). [67] They were assisted by non-Muslim Shan and Kakhyen and other hill tribes in the revolt. [45][46] The former expedition was a complete failure but the latter achieved limited success.
This title is part of Proquest Historical Newspapers.
Most of the Taiping princes were executed.
For seven days he was in a trance, and when at the end of that time, he again became conscious, he was much given to peculiar or insane conversation.
It introduced
[117], In late 1861, Hope made a brief visit to Nanking to come to an agreement with the Taiping rebels not to attack the city of Shanghai, a proposal which was refused by the Taiping government. The maps of Fujian in the book are Huang Qing di li tu (Geographical maps of the Qing Empire) was compiled by Dong Youcheng (1791-1823), courtesy name Fangli, a native of Yanghu (part of present-day Changzhou), Jiangsu, a Qing mathematician. Da Qing wan nian yi tong di li yuan tu (Complete geographical map of the great Qing dynasty) is a map of China during the Qing dynasty.
I adapted the spelling of the names to the pinyin system, which is the most common romanisation system today.
the pursuing cavalry would have cut him up on the road without being aware that he was the Young Lord.
Rebels of the Heavenly Kingdom by Katherine Paterson is a young adult novel set during the Taiping Rebellion. His orders were strict and proper, and his rewards and punishments administered impartially.
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[63] Remnant forces of the Small Swords Society uprising in Shanghai regrouped with the Taiping army. For information on contacting WDL partner organizations, see this archived list of partners. The Xiang Army captured Jiujiang in May 1858 and then the rest of Jiangxi province by September.
Their victims did not know where the bandits had come from and, when they plundered Buddhist temples, they were mistaken for Chinese Muslims from Yunnan called Hui in Mandarin and Haw in the Lao language (Thai: . [19] The government, commanded by ethnic Manchus, had become increasingly corrupt.
For more than a decade, Taiping armies occupied and fought across much of the mid and lower Yangtze valley, ultimately devolving into total civil war.
STUDIES ON THE POPULATION OF CHINA, 13681953.
This caused the Tianwang much anxiety and trouble of mind, and eventually so preyed upon him that on the 30th June he poisoned himself. Ho Ping-ti.
East Asian History Sourcebook.
The army's organization was allegedly inspired by that of the Qin dynasty. You are not wanted to say anything. The Tianwang rested implicit faith in idle words and would not rectify or improve the state.
Taiping leaders may have reached out to Triad organizations, which had many cells in South China and among government troops. Currently available isCraven A and other Stories by Mu Shiying.
If you can find scholarly editions, use them!
Chesneaux, Jean.
[46][47], In 1853, Hong Xiuquan withdrew from active control of policies and administration to rule exclusively by written proclamations. Includes e.g., visual resources, original pamphlets, newspaper and journal runs, personal diaries, and diplomatic papers. The Taiping government maintained an ambivalent relationship with the Western powers who were active in China during this period.
By 1865, five of the eight viceroys were Hunanese. Throughout history, China was plagued by internal revolts and rebellions. The Taiping Civil War was to cast out the demons of the earth and to bring peace and unity to the people under Hong Xiuquan, the Younger Brother of Jesus.
ancient writings that described ideal systems that had never been
2 and 3, It was weak in the southern regions where local clans dominated. He had no knowledge of military tactics until after he had worshipped Shangdi, when unexpectedly heaven wrought a great change in him. These corps were placed into armies of varying sizes.
[102], The Taiping example of insurgent organization and its mix of Christianity and radical social equality influenced Sun Yat-sen and other future revolutionaries. [114] That change was captured in a letter from the American missionary Divie Bethune McCartee. [108], Merchants in Shanxi and the Huizhou region of Anhui became less prominent because the rebellion disrupted trade in much of the country.
This collection contains formerly restricted British Foreign Office files dealing with China, Hong Kong and Taiwan between 1919 and 1980. [65][66] Du's forces led many non-Muslim forces, including Han Chinese, Li, Bai, and Hani peoples. This collection contains nineteenth and twentieth century American women's travel diaries and correspondence from the Schlesinger Library at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University.
The decree was that they should eat sweet dew in order to support themselves, upon which I asked How can they subsist on sweet dew? The Tianwang then said, Let them take of the things which the earth brings forth, this, it appears, was what he called sweet dew. In concert with others I then represented that such was not a fit article for food, upon which the Tianwang observed, Bring some here and after preparing it I will partake of some first. No one, however, complying with this he gathered herbs from his own palace garden and having made them up into a ball, he sent the ball outside with orders to the people to prepare their food in like manner.
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taiping rebellion primary sources