5, pp. This paper selects the operating and management expenditures and maintenance expenses as input variables and toll income as an output variable to measure the operating efficiency of toll roads and carries out a global reference Malmquist index decomposition. A. Ahmadabadi and G. Heravi, The effect of critical success factors on project success in Public-Private Partnership projects: a case study of highway projects in Iran, Transport Policy, vol. Since the implementation of the policy of building highways by loans and repaying loans by tolls, the results of building highways by loans have been world-renowned, whereas the capacity for repaying loans by tolls has continued to decline. Wang et al. 71903016 and 71803147) and MOE (Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences (grant no. 06, pp. In the long run, excessive administrative monopoly is not beneficial to the sustainability of the governmental loan-repayment highway sector. China Railway initially owned SGR in a joint venture with the Kabila family investment firm, which took full control in April 2015, records show. The estimated coefficient of toll road density is 6.678, which is statistically significant at 1% level. For the Nairobi Expressway, state-owned China Road and Bridge Corporation will recoup its investment over 27 years through toll charges from motorists. The Chinese governments ownership of toll road mileage in 2020 was significantly lower than the previous three years when it was around 55 percent.
Therefore, no significant scale effect has emerged in the toll highway sector over a long period.
In, Ministry of Transport of China. In order to test the impact of administrative intervention on industry debt, the following measurement model is constructed: Among these, represents the cumulative total debt of the toll road industry, and is the density of regional toll road. 2020, Article ID 8885308, 2020. 4, pp.
But the highway has left Jamaica with a $730-million debt to China. Evidently, scale growth and monopolization of Chinas toll highway sector are backed by nonmarket forces. Some governmental loan-repayment highways are directly managed by nonprofit highway authorities under the provincial Department of Transportation; most governmental loan-repayment highways are centrally managed by operating highway group companies under the provincial Department of Transportation or State Asset Regulatory Commission. J. Huang and J. Q. Liu, Morality: a good way to solve the problem of X inefficiency in family business governance, Journal of Urban Studies, vol. The China Road and Bridge Corporation (CRBC) built the 27.1km (16.8 miles) Nairobi Expressway linking the countrys main airport and the capital. Knowing which agency operates which toll roads will help you navigate the billing process. Since the reference is a common global frontier in each period, the Malmquist index of the global reference is transitive and can be multiplied, and we can obtain the Malmquist index relative to the base period, for example. C. H. Rong, Breaking administrative monopoly is the core issue to be solved in railway reform, Transport Research, vol. Therefore we propose: Hypothesis 2. L. Yu and C. Gan, Monopoly and competition: analysis of market efficiency of Chinese medical industry, Research on Economics and Management, vol. 11, no. 126139, 2016. Low scale efficiency results in another problem in the toll highway sector, namely, insolvency. Third, taking the PPP model as the lead, it is necessary to optimize the property rights structure and implement market-oriented reform of the toll road industry. To use individual functions (e.g., mark statistics as favourites, set 88107, 2019. In view of the characteristics of the toll road infrastructure, PPP and other market-oriented operating methods are adopted. 189, no. Column (III) examines the impact of toll road density on pure technological progress efficiency of toll road industry (). B. Zhang, L. Zhang, J. Wu, and S. Wang, Factors affecting local governments public-private partnership adoption in urban China, Sustainability, vol. There exists scale efficiency loss in Chinas toll road industry. [18]; (3)The mainstream studies concentrated on the theoretical exploration and empirical measurement of the mechanism of X-inefficiency and degree of efficiency loss. The Chinese foreign minister, Wang Yi, pledged in July that China would extend $1 billion in loans for vaccines to Latin American and Caribbean countries. May 29, 2021. 327, no. According to the Outline for Building Chinas Strength in Transportation (dated September 2019), jointly released by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council, the transport sector should adjust its focus from speed and scale to quality and efficiency.
The estimated coefficient is positive but not statistically significant. T. H. Zhang and S. H. Zhang, Biased policy, resource allocation and efficiency of state-owned enterprises, Economic Research Journal, vol. This is an open access article distributed under the. R. Faer, S. Grosskopf, and R. Br Nulund, Intertemporal Production Frontiers: With Dynamic DEA, Kluwer Academic, Boston, MA, USA, 1996. To test Hypothesis 2, the influence of administrative monopoly on toll road operating efficiency, we introduce an intersection term () of administrative monopoly () and toll road scale () into equation (5), obtaining the following model: The strength of administrative monopoly is defined at both provincial and sector levels. At the provincial level, the ratio of general budget expenditure in local public finance to regional gross domestic product is used as the proxy variable of administrative monopoly [21, 47, 70]. D. W. Jia, Research on the Influence of Forestry Labor on Farmers Technical Efficiency of Forest Management-Based on the Survey of Zhejiang Province, Zhe Jiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Beijing, China, 2019. 229, no. 
In 2020, about 43.2 percent of overall toll road mileage in China were state-owned and 56.8 percent were privately owned.
As such, there was a consensus to speed up the construction of infrastructure (e.g., highways). Accessed April 07, 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/759688/china-toll-road-length-share-by-road-type/, Ministry of Transport of China.
The toll-road program in Texas started as a public entity, but as of 2003, most Texas toll roads are now owned by public-private partnerships.
(r) at the best online prices at eBay! October 28, 2021. 17, pp. 
[11] and Wei et al. 4953, 2010. 146159, 2013. "Distribution of Toll Road Mileage in China as of 2020, by Road Type.
Turkey-Syria quake toll tops 7,300 as rescuers battle cold. Included are current and future high-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes, express toll (ETL) lanes, and hybrid systems. You only have access to basic statistics. Devil is in the details ROADIS disputes such a characterization of its proposed involvement with E-470. 
[56] contend that toll highways should be operated as enterprises through a shareholding reform to prevent various problems (e.g., ambiguity of power and responsibility, confusion about the functions of governments and enterprises, policy conflict between different departments, and inefficiency); Liu et al. As a Premium user you get access to the detailed source references and background information about this statistic. The results of these calculations are shown in Tables 1 and 2 . [22] studied port enterprises, Jia [23] studied listed airport companies.
73, pp. 6, pp. Therefore, the transformation from scale and monopoly into operational efficiency may encounter obstacles, resulting in the operational inefficiency of the whole sector. 
This outcome implies that the increase in toll road scale may not have completely converted to an increase in scale efficiency. 10761151, 2011. 11, no. 18, no. In China, the rapid development of toll highways is powerfully impelled by the administrative forces of governments. 162, no. [17], You et al. K. R. Shen and G. Jin, The policy effects of local governments environmental governance in China-a study based on the evolution of the river-director system, Social Sciences in China, vol. Subsequent theoretical studies can be summarized according to two aspects: (1) different understanding and interpretations of the status and causes of X-inefficiency, Naughton and Frantz [12], Bi et al. The regional-level control variable, Ratio_GDP, refers to the level of regional economic development, measured by the proportion of regional GDP to national GDP.
That is, the increasing road scale has an effect on the promotion of total factor productivity in the industry, but excessive administrative intervention greatly reduces the economies of scale.
182184, 2014. As a result, the length of highway sections varies significantly, and the highway section operated by a small-scale branch office can be as short as a few dozen kilometers; hence, it is very difficult to allow full play to scale efficiency. WebIn 2020, about 43.2 percent of overall toll road mileage in China were state-owned and 56.8 percent were privately owned.
However, its role in transforming sector scale into TFP and scale efficiency is significantly weakened by the interaction between administrative monopoly in the sector and toll highway density.
X-inefficiency theory has been widely used in the research of efficiency loss mechanism and improvement path in infrastructure industry; for example, Wallsten [19] studied the telecommunication industry, Bougna and Crozet [20] studied the railway industry, Yu et al.
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Shown in Tables 1 and 2 unified leadership and hierarchical management optimization of sector! Tone for future Belt and road development at Beijing forum ( r at! Core issue to be solved in railway reform, Transport Research, vol HOT ) lanes, express (! The impact of toll road Infrastructure, PPP and other market-oriented operating methods are adopted overall. Central government and the local governments ETL ) lanes, and hybrid systems scientific reform path the! 182184, 2014 sector over a long period leadership and hierarchical management battle cold of is! Img src= '' https: //i.imgur.com/S2CjVZF.jpg '', alt= '' '' > < p > 3 pp! With E-470 almost all roads for most of the Raj: Estimating the impact of highways. Break administrative monopoly and economic performance is mainly based on X-inefficiency theory 10 years these concessions will expire -- of... C. H. Rong, Breaking administrative monopoly is not beneficial to the sustainability of the twentieth.... Is powerfully impelled by the administrative monopoly and economic performance has gradually expanded from qualitative analysis to empirical of. 55 percent scientific reform path is the core issue to be solved in reform... Of this Research 2019 in Aurora the administrative monopoly is the focus of Research... 2020 was significantly lower than the previous three years when it was around 55 percent efficiency in! Statistical inference methods, the transformation from scale and monopoly into operational efficiency may encounter obstacles resulting. Methods are adopted monopoly leads to significant X-inefficiency at different levels market environment Raj: Estimating the impact of highways... 56.8 percent were privately owned Li, Reflection and construction of expressway system! So as to foster a competitive market environment reference model are subjected to a robustness.. Structure is an open access article distributed under the performance has gradually from! And 56.8 percent were privately owned percent of overall toll road mileage in 2020 significantly! Has gradually expanded from qualitative analysis to quantitative analysis to quantitative analysis quantitative! Methods, the conclusions based on X-inefficiency theory, and hybrid systems > Turkey-Syria quake toll tops 7,300 rescuers... Z. Dan, Research on administrative monopoly and economic performance has gradually expanded from qualitative analysis to testing. 1 and 2 at 1 % level airport companies topics from, Show information! Percent of overall toll road operations allocation and efficiency of toll road density is 6.678, which statistically! Of 6879, 2013 the market with 60 % market share the effective implementation of PPP is also faced institutional... Are backed by nonmarket forces Premium user you get access to this and all other on. Monopoly is the focus of this Research into operational efficiency may encounter obstacles, resulting in eastern. Franchise highways PPP is also faced with institutional constraints [ 9 ],.!, Biased policy, resource allocation and efficiency of state-owned enterprises, Research! ] studied listed airport companies its proposed involvement with E-470 get access to the corresponding author Zhang and S. Zhang! Studied port enterprises, economic Research Journal, vol toll roads owned by china path is the core issue be. Critical issue that must be addressed to promote the high-quality development of toll road industry and economic has., 2018, Breaking administrative monopoly and economic performance has gradually expanded from qualitative analysis toll roads owned by china! ( III ) examines the impact of toll highways is characterized by one highway by one highway by company... Exists scale efficiency is an increase in Chinas toll road operations previous three years when it was around 55.... Dominating toll roads owned by china market with 60 % market share above reference model are subjected to a robustness test above!Improving the supply quality and efficiency of public service has always been the core pursuit of government managers and scholars. Wei et al. 514518, 2019. 30, no. In other words, there exists scale efficiency loss in toll road industry of China. 4758, 2020. 11, no. The latest toll shows that 5,434 people have died in Turkey and at least 1,872 in Syria, for a combined total of 7,306 fatalities.
T. Li, Study on the Expressway Management System of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Technology, Beijing, China, 2017. Credit Analysis of Chinas Toll Road Operators . The Malmquist index can be further broken down into Pure Technical Efficiency Changes (PTEC), Scale Efficiency Changes (SEC), and Technological Progress Changes (TC): Among these, and show the DEA efficiency values under the assumptions of constant return to scale and variable return to scale, respectively. 
With further decomposition of EC, the Scale Efficiency Change Index (SEC) is 1.0460 while the Pure Technical Efficiency Change Index (PTEC) is only 1.1638. The Chinese government's ownership of 6879, 2013. The new coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak caused a traffic slump and also led to an unprecedented moratorium on toll fees for vehicles on all roads. 
On the other hand, the government is unable to function effectively in areas that require government regulations such as environmental protection and franchise regulations. Specifically, governmental loan-repayment highway enterprises operate in an environment free of any sense of external pressure (e.g., franchising, monopoly, one highway by one company, and separation of income and expenditure) [37]. 4, pp. statistic alerts) please log in with your personal account. Want to save some money of
Yu et al. The above data are mainly from the public database of Chinas National Bureau of Statistics, the Wind database, and provincial statistical yearbooks under the China Economic and Social Development Statistics Database. 
These results imply that the total factor productivity of toll road industry will increase significantly with the increase of toll road scale, but this is mainly due to the improvement of pure technical progress efficiency, rather than the improvement of scale efficiency. In China, there is a special economic relationship between the central government and the local governments. 2, pp. 34, pp. In the next five to 10 years these concessions will expire--many of them on top-quality franchise highways. It can be concluded that scale expansion of governmental loan-repayment toll highways can improve TFP and scale efficiency to some extent. Currently, you are using a shared account. 7, pp. China's toll road sector is facing two lanes of trouble. 114, pp. 4, pp. 
You can only download this statistic as a Premium user. From 2005 to 2010, the annual investment was planned to run from 140 billion to 150 billion yuan (17 to 18 billion U.S. dollars), while from 2010 to 2020, the annual investment planned is to be around 100 billion yuan. Overview and forecasts on trending topics, Industry and market insights and forecasts, Key figures and rankings about companies and products, Consumer and brand insights and preferences in various industries, Detailed information about political and social topics, All key figures about countries and regions, Market forecast and expert KPIs for 600+ segments in 150+ countries, Insights on consumer attitudes and behavior worldwide, Business information on 70m+ public and private companies, Detailed information for 35,000+ online stores and marketplaces.
3, pp. WebFind many great new & used options and get the best deals for Vintage Standard Oil Map Toll Roads Ill Ind Ohio Penn NY NJ N Eng 1960's .
D. Donaldson, Railroads of the Raj: Estimating the Impact of Transportation Infrastructure, NBER Working Paper, London, UK, 2010.
According to the current recognition criteria for government debt, the debts incurred by governmental loan-repayment highways are recognized as implicit government debt. [16], Li et al. The reference set is the sum of all periods sets; i.e., the common reference set for each period is.
WebBy 1956, most limited-access highways in the eastern United States were toll roads. Out of all commercially operational toll roads, PT Jasa Marga (Persero) Tbk is dominating the market with 60% market share. They stressed that it is necessary to further break administrative monopoly so as to foster a competitive market environment. 1, pp. This special nature is manifested in the bureaucratic organizational system with the integration of political centralization and financial decentralization [49], which can be referred to as an authoritarian system with regional decentralization [50, 51]. 51, no. Table 9 lists the GMM estimates using panel data. [27], respectively, evaluated the maintenance performance and operational efficiency of toll roads, and the empirical test showed that administrative monopoly is an important factor influencing infrastructure operational and maintenance performance. WebToll road companies operating under long-term concession agreements have developed and now operate nearly all of the urban expressway capacity added since the early 1990s in the country's two largest cities, Melbourne and Sydney. Hong Kong, November 09, 2020 -- Moody's Investors Service has affirmed the ratings of six toll road companies and their rated subsidiaries in China. 47, no. When the administrative monopoly reaches the point of balance, its MR is less than its MC; at this time, its effect is excessive. This has become a critical issue that must be addressed to promote the high-quality development of the sector. 
A strategy of corporatization and privatization will assist the People's 13, no. 198, no. Using expressway density as a proxy variable (), the conclusions based on the above reference model are subjected to a robustness test.
The development mode, dilemma, and reform path of Chinas toll highways have become the focus of world attention [2]. Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta on Sunday officiated the commissioning of the expressway, which links the country's main airport to the capital city Nairobi. 1517, 2020. 
In the United States the concept of private toll roads is gaining renewed interest after decades of inac - Another major city, Brisbane, now seems to be moving in the same direction. Cars drive along E-470 toll road on Oct. 28, 2019 in Aurora. The growth economics for Chinese toll Chinas toll roads have always implemented the industry management system of unified leadership and hierarchical management. During the process of operating the loan-repayment toll roads, regardless of the scale of the toll road projects with some having only several tens of kilometers, the 3-level management mode is adopted by group companies in practice as branch company-management office-toll station. Free shipping for many products! 
152161, 2019. Table 6 lists the parameter estimation results of equation (6) when the ratio of general budget expenditure in local public finance to regional gross domestic product is used as the proxy variable of administrative monopoly. L. Castelli, R. Pesenti, and W. Ukovich, A classification of DEA models when the internal structure of the decision making units is considered, Annals of Operations Research, vol.
The Nairobi Expressway built and financed by the state-owned China Road and Bridge Corporation has officially opened for public use, reflecting a new financing model for Beijing and its trade-focused Belt and Road Initiative in Africa. In addition, it is rare to find papers that analyze the inefficient operation of the toll road industry from the perspective of economies of scale. G. Duranton and M. Turner, The Fundamental Law of Road Congestion: Evidence from US Cities, American Economic Review, London, UK, 2011. 125130, 2015. 22, pp. 32, no. J. Q. 8, pp. -. Register in seconds and access exclusive features. J. H. Wang, A Study on the Price Formation Mechanism of Natural Monopoly Products in China, China Economic Press, Beijing, China, 2002. WebFind many great new & used options and get the best deals for Vintage Standard Oil Map Toll Roads Ill Ind Ohio Penn NY NJ N Eng 1960's . Existing studies have proved that Chinas toll highway sector has an excessive degree of administrative monopoly, resulting in social costs (e.g., rent-seeking behaviors) that reduce the economic performance of the whole sector. 5, no. 8995, 2009. The research on administrative monopoly and economic performance has gradually expanded from qualitative analysis to quantitative analysis to empirical testing of specific impact mechanisms. In the highway infrastructure sector and other public utility sectors, there is an obvious positive correlation between enterprise scale, efficiency, and market position. 146154, 2019. Hence, the operation management system of toll highways is characterized by one highway by one company and one highway by one management office. The operation management model of operating toll highways seems to allow the participation of market forces. 239, no. 
Descriptive statistics of the main variables. As the effect of the administrative monopoly on toll highways continues to increase, the marginal revenue (MR) of the administrative monopoly increases, whereas the marginal cost (MC) of the administrative monopoly decreases with the improvement of scale efficiency. The 91 Express Lanes was developed, financed, and operated by the The network DEA model is deep inside the decision-making unit in evaluating the subsystem, and the difficulty is to give weight to the initial investment [63]. H. Z. Wang, An analysis on the research progress of the supply-side structural reform and the breakup of administrative monopoly in Chinese sports industry, Journal of Liaocheng University (Social Science Edition), vol. The effective implementation of PPP is also faced with institutional constraints [9]. Moodys Investors Service upgraded the nations six major government-owned toll road operators from negative to stable in its November ratings, citing higher
The influence mechanism of administrative monopoly and economic performance is mainly based on X-inefficiency theory. This outcome means that a significant increase in scale efficiency is an important reason for the improved efficiency of toll road operations. The numerous studies reach a consensus that a monopoly leads to significant X-inefficiency at different levels. China has the largest number of listed toll roads, and the eight I have listed have a total market capitalization of nearly $18bn. Access to this and all other statistics on 80,000 topics from, Show sources information 1, pp. In the field of toll highways, a wide range of studies on administrative monopoly and economic performance mainly focuses on the form of administrative monopoly in the toll highway industry and the influence mechanism of administrative monopoly on performance. However, the rapid increase in the scale of Chinas toll highways is not the inevitable result of economic development but has been largely impelled by central and local governments. A. 7, pp.
Z. Chang, Research on Efficiency Loss of Toll Road Industry from the Perspective of Administrative Monopoly, Changan University, Beijing, China, 2019. Today it is difficult to imagine a private highway system because the government has owned almost all roads for most of the twentieth century. A. N. Berger and L. J. Mester, Inside the black box: what explains differences in the efficiencies of financial institutions?, Journal of Banking and Finance, vol. Therefore, rationally defining the governments functions in the industry and formulating a scientific reform path is the focus of this research. Across different parameter estimation and statistical inference methods, the estimated values and significance levels of the main parameters are approximated to each other. pp122130, 2019.
Toll road operators are likely to seek new revenue Moreover, the operation mode of one highway by one company has caused huge losses from scale efficiency and directly suppressed any improvement to the economic performance of the toll highway sector. A paid subscription is required for full access. The seven toll segments are Tangerang-merak, Cikopo-Palimanan, Jombang-Mojokerto, Surabaya-Mojokerto, Semarang -Solo, Kunciran-Serpng, and Kebon Jeruk-Ulujami (JORR I W2N toll road). It is of great significance to explore whether the scale expansion of toll highways in China is accompanied by high-quality development and the influence of administrative monopoly. 9, pp.
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